until 1822, when it was brought out under the title of "Le Pavilion des Fleurs." His music is usually classed with that of his contemporaries, Grétry and Monsigni. Though his works are now but little known, their large number proves the great popularity this composer enjoyed, which is corroborated by his having been created a chevalier of the legion of honour. His personal character was frank and generous; and though in 1790 he lost the gains of his artistic labours by the failure of a bank, he rescinded his father's will, which made him sole heir to his property, to divide this with his younger brother.—G. A. M.
DALBERG or DALBURG, the name of an ancient and noble German family, which has produced various members distinguished for their love of literature and art. The family descended from the house of Leyen Todebald III. of Leyen. The manor-house of Dalburg, near Stromberg, in Rhenish Prussia, was erected in 1170. The male line of the family terminated in 1315, and the succession devolved, by marriage with the heiress, on Gerhard, chamberlain of Worms. The new line of the Dalbergs became so powerful and distinguished, that on the coronation of the successive emperors of Germany, the head of the family received first the accolade from his imperial majesty as the premier baron of the empire. The family is divided into two branches—the one named Dalberg-Dalberg, the other termed Dalberg-Hernsheim, from the parish of that name near Worms.—J. T.
DALBERG, Emmerich Joseph, Duke von, son of Baron Wolfgang-Heribert, was born in 1773. He entered the service of the king of Bavaria, and distinguished himself by his attention to finance. In 1803 he was sent to Paris on a mission from the margrave of Baden. Here he attached himself to Talleyrand, became a zealous supporter of Napoleon, was ultimately naturalized in France, and in 1810 was created a duke and a councillor of state. On the downfall of Napoleon, however, Dalberg assisted in the restoration of the Bourbons; and in 1815 was created a peer of France and a minister of state, and received the grand cordon of the legion of honour. The remainder of his life was spent in retirement. He died in 1833.—J. T.
DALBERG, Johann von, an eminent patron of the revival of letters in the fifteenth century, was born at Worms in 1445, and was educated for the church at Erfurt, and in Italy. At Ferrara he became intimately associated with his countrymen Rudolph Agricola and Dietrich von Plenningen, who had the same passion as himself for ancient literature, and cherished the same patriotic desire to introduce the study of it into Germany. He returned to Germany in 1478, and was chosen along with Plenningen, by Philip, elector-palatine of the Rhine, to be one of his council, and was soon after also made chancellor of the university of Heidelberg. In 1482 he was consecrated bishop of Worms, and thenceforth divided his time between Worms and Heidelberg. The university revived under his superintendence, and his patronage of men of letters did much to stimulate and encourage the study of Roman, Greek, and Hebrew literature in that part of Germany. He was president of the Societas Literaria Rhenana, founded by Conrad Celtes, which had its chief seat in Heidelberg. It was chiefly by his influence that Agricola was induced to settle in that city as a professor of ancient literature; and he was no less liberal a patron to the studies of the famous John Reuchlin, who resided with him for some time, and whom he honoured as his teacher, for having translated several Greek works into Latin and others into German for his use. He died in 1503.—P. L.
DALBERG, Johann-Friedrich-Hugo, died in 1813. He was a member of the chapters of Treves, Worms, and Spire, and distinguished himself as a musical composer, a writer on music, and also as an antiquary.—R. M., A.
DALBERG, Karl Theodor, was born at the castle of Hernsheim, near Worms, 8th February, 1744. His father, who was statthalter of Worms, sent him to study law at Göttingen and Heidelberg; but afterwards destined him for the church. Having become a canon of the cathedral of Mainz, he was trained at the same time to the public service of the state in the ministry of the prince-archbishop of that see, and was appointed in 1772 privy councillor and statthalter of Erfurt. During his fifteen years' residence in that city, he distinguished himself by a conspicuous degree of that love of literature and science which was hereditary in his family. Wieland, Herder, Göthe, and Schiller were his correspondents and guests; he revived the Erfurt Academy of the Useful Sciences, and he made a good many contributions to the literature of the most brilliant period of German letters, in which he manifested the liveliest sympathy with the new ideas and tendencies of the age. In 1787 he was chosen coadjutor and successor of the prince-archbishop of Mainz; in 1788 coadjutor of Constance; and in 1797 provost of the chapter of Wurzburg. During the French occupation of Germany, he yielded to the caresses of Napoleon, who saw the importance of gaining him to his designs; and was compensated for the loss of the bishoprics of Constance and Mainz, to which he had succeeded, and which Napoleon incorporated with French territory, by the bishopric of Regensburg and the principality of Aschaffenburg. He was also rewarded for his unpatriotic participation in the formation of the confederacy of the Rhine, by being made grand duke of Frankfort, and primate of Germany. These evidences of his complicity in the plans of Napoleon naturally destroyed his former popularity with his countrymen, and the subsequent downfall of the usurper involved Dalberg in a similar catastrophe. After the expulsion of the French from Germany, he was compelled to resign all his civil dignities and possessions, and withdrew to Regensburg, where he devoted himself to the discharge of his episcopal functions, especially to the care of the poor and the promotion of education. He died on 10th February, 1817.—P. L.
DALBERG, Nils, a Swedish physician, died in 1820. Attached to the household of the prince-royal, afterwards Gustavus III., he visited France and Germany, where he made the acquaintance of many eminent scientific men. He was twice president of the Academy of Sciences of Stockholm, and published memoirs on several professional subjects.—R. M., A.
DALBERG, Wolfgang-Heribert von, baron of the holy empire, and minister of state in the duchy of Baden, died in 1806. He is known as a dramatic writer.—R. M., A.
DALBY, Isaac, a self-taught mathematician, was born in Gloucestershire in 1744, and died at Farnham in 1824. His friends destined him to the trade of a clothworker, but his tastes carrying him in another direction, he became an usher in a country school. Coming up to London in 1772, he was appointed teacher of arithmetic in Archbishop Tenison's grammar school, near Charing Cross; and was subsequently employed by the Hon. Topham Beauclerk in making astronomical observations in a building which he had erected for philosophical purposes. This establishment being broken up in 1781, Dalby, in the following year, obtained the appointment of mathematical master in the naval school at Chelsea. Five years afterwards he was recommended by Ramsden, the eminent philosophical instrument-maker, to Major-general Roy, who was at that time engaged in making trigonometrical observations for the purpose of connecting the meridians of Greenwich and Paris. In preparing for the publication of an account of these observations, Dalby was "led to apply a theorem (ascribed to Albert Girard) to the purpose of computing the excess of the three angles of a spherical triangle above two right angles." In 1790 General Roy died, and his assistant was, in the following year, appointed, along with Colonel Williams and Captain Mudge, to carry on the survey of England. His last appointment took place in 1799, when he became professor of mathematics in the senior department of the then newly-established royal military college at High Wycombe. The infirmities of age obliged him to resign his chair in 1820. Dalby, besides his papers in the Ladies' Diary, and other works, wrote a "Course of Mathematics," which reached a sixth edition.—R. M., A.
DALE, David, one of the most notable Scotch industrialists of the eighteenth century, was born at Stewarton in Ayrshire on the 6th of January, 1739. His father was a small grocer and general dealer, and David's education was of the limited kind to be expected under the circumstances. His earliest employment was tending cattle, from which he was transferred to work at the loom as apprentice to a Paisley weaver. The change seems to have been an unpalatable one, and he left his Paisley employer abruptly; but necessity has no law, and he was soon found working at the same trade in other localities—Hamilton, and the neighbourhood of Cambuslang. From the latter he removed to Glasgow, and, with a decidedly upward tendency, became clerk to a silk-mercer. In his new sphere his good qualities gained him useful friends, through whose kindness he was enabled to start in business as an importer of French yarns from Flanders. He prosecuted this branch of trade for many years with great success, and amassed considerable wealth. Carry-
