Bras d'Or, and having blocked the bridge with whatever waggons, tumbrils, barrels, and barrows they can lay hands on, take their station, with two more "patriot" companions, hard by under an archway, and suddenly put a period to the royal progress. On the morrow the royal berline takes its way back towards the capital, accompanied by sixty thousand national guards. Drouet received thirty thousand francs as a reward of his ride on that "night of spurs," as Carlyle has styled it. He was charged with keeping guard over the prison of the temple, where Louis and his family were confined. His subsequent conduct towards the unfortunate monarch corresponded with its beginning. Afterwards taken prisoner by the Austrians at Maubeuge, he was exchanged for one of the king's daughters. He was a member of the convention, and secretary to the council of Five Hundred; became strongly attached to Napoleon, and being excepted from the amnesty granted on the downfall of the empire, withdrew to Germany, but afterwards returned and lived in concealment till the time of his death.—R. M., A.
DROUET, Jean-Baptiste, Comte d'Erlon, marshal of France, was born at Rheims, Marne, in 1765, and died at Paris in 1844. He served as a common soldier in the regiment of Beaujolais in 1782, and became aid-de-camp to General Lefévre in 1794. Three years afterwards, while serving under Hoche, he blockaded Ehrenbreitstein and forced it to capitulate. Named general of brigade in 1799, and soon after general of division, he fought at Ulm, Hohenlinden, and Steyer; was wounded at the battle of Friedland; and being honoured with the cross of the légion d'honneur, received also the title of Comte d'Erlon, with a revenue of twenty-five thousand francs from the domain of Danneberg in Hanover. He enjoyed a moment's favour after the first restoration, and was reproached by Napoleon for the inaction in which he remained with his twenty thousand men during the battle of Waterloo. Drouet cast the blame of this on contradictory orders. He then withdrew to Germany; but accepting the amnesty granted on the coronation of Charles X., he returned to France and lived in retirement till the revolution of 1830, when he was named commander of the twelfth military division. In 1834 he was appointed governor-general of the French possessions in the north of Africa, and marshal of France in 1843.—R. M., A.
DROUINEAU, Gustave, born at Lodeve, February, 1800, first attracted the attention of the public by some dramatic pieces, which were played with success. The revolution of July, 1830, seems to have diverted his mind to the consideration of political subjects, for he quitted the theatre in order to devote himself to the science of legislation and of political economy. His investigations led him to think that the system of education directed by the council of the university of France in connection with the government, was radically vicious; inasmuch as by subjecting all to the same routine course, it allowed no play to various dispositions and faculties, and cramped original tendencies by the application of one common mould. As if adopting these views, the present imperial government of France has changed the old university system, but without producing corresponding advantages, and the problem of combining freedom with authority has in this, as well as in other matters, yet to be solved. He died in 1835, of disease of the brain, brought on by overwork.—J. F. C.
DROUOT, Antoine, Count, a French general surnamed by Napoleon "le sage de la grand armée," was born of poor parents at Nancy on the 11th of January, 1774, and died on the 24th of March, 1847. In 1793, a month after he had been admitted into the school of artillery, he was nominated second lieutenant in the first regiment of artillery, and afterwards rose through the different ranks to that of general of division, to which he was promoted on the 3rd of September, 1813. He was nominated member of the legion of honour on the 5th of August, 1804; officer of the legion at Wagram, and commander of the legion at Moskowa; grand officer on the 23rd March, 1814; grand cross on the 18th October, 1830; baron of the empire on the 14th March, 1810; count of the empire on the 24th of October, 1813; peer of France on the 2nd June, 1815; and again peer of France by royal ordinance on the 19th November, 1831. This last honour, however, the state of his health did not permit him to accept. Drouot was one of the most remarkable of those eminent men who attached themselves to Napoleon, and rendered him as commander of the artillery of the guard—the most terrible weapon of the grande armée—perhaps greater services than any other of his generals. He was never ordered to advance except to the most critical point of the field, and at the most hazardous moment of the day; and he and his cannoniers often decided the fate of a well-fought field. Their fifty or sixty guns described by an eye-witness as seeming to be actually discharged as they galloped along, scarcely ever failed to sweep away the last relics of "Russian obstinacy or Austrian chivalry, and terminate the carnage of the day." Before going into action Drouot invariably dressed himself in a certain old uniform, in the luck of which he was more than half a believer; dismounted and advanced on foot in the midst of his guns; and, strange to say, in all the bloody and frightful combats in which he fought, neither he nor his horse was ever wounded. He was a simple-minded, modest, thoroughly faithful and enthusiastic soldier. Possessed, moreover, of an unfeignedly religious character, he always carried his bible with him, and scrupled not to avow that to read in it was his chief delight. When reverses at length came, and the emperor's creatures basely abandoned him, Drouot, along with Macdonald and a few others, attended that last levee at Fontainebleau, and followed his dethroned master to Elba with an entire devotion of heart. Napoleon made him governor of that island, took him with him to France, and had him at his side on the fatal day of Waterloo. Included in the ordinance of proscription of the 24th of July, 1815, he was, however, immediately set at liberty; whereupon he set off for his native town, where he "gave himself up to the charms of a quiet private life."—R. M., A.
DROUYN DE LHUYS. See De Lhuys.
* DROYSEN, Johann Gustav, a distinguished German historian, was born at Treptow, Pomerania, 6th July, 1808, and studied at Berlin, where he began lecturing, and was appointed professor extraordinary. Some years after, however, he accepted the chair of history at Kiel. Here he embraced the national cause of the duchies with such warmth and energy that, in 1848, the provisional government sent him to Frankfort as their representative. As a member of the national assembly he joined the constitutional party under H. von Gagern, and zealously advocated the re-establishment of a German empire. Obnoxious as he had now become to the Danish government, he was happy enough in being offered a professorship at Jena, whence he has recently been called to Berlin again. In the beginning of his literary career Professor Droysen's studies were confined to Greek literature and history; he translated Æschylus in 1832, and Aristophanes in 1835-38, and wrote a history of Alexander the Great in 1833, and "Geschichte des Hellenismus" in 1836-43. In later years he was chiefly attracted by the study of modern history, and on this field has produced the ripest fruits of his pen; amongst them his "Life of Field-marshal Graf York von Wartenburg" takes the first rank. His lectures on the war of liberation enjoy no less popularity.—K. E.
DROZ, François-Xavier-Joseph, born at Besançon, 31st October, 1773; died in November, 1850. This eminent Frenchman evinced his taste for literature at an early age by the publication of a tragedy, while he was still at college. In 1792 he was elected captain of one of the voluntary regiments then forming throughout the country, and served three years in the army of the Rhine under Scherer and Desaix, by the former of whom he was afterwards sent on an embassy to Paris. During his residence in the city he was deeply affected by the excesses of the people; but the crimes committed in her name failed to shake his love of liberty, or damp his energy in combating in her behalf. In 1796 ill health induced him to apply for his discharge, and henceforward he devoted himself to more peaceful avocations. Soon after being elected professor of literature in the central school of Besançon, he published two essays, "Sur Part Oratoire," and "Observations sur les maîtrises, sur les règlements, les priviléges et les prohibitions." Subsequently he removed to Paris, and gathered round him a select circle of friends. It was Cabanis who counselled him to enlist the ears of the public in favour of a philosophical work by the publication of a romance; and, in accordance with this advice, "Lina" appeared to pave the way for his essay, "Sur l'art d'être heureux." Fortune had been kind to Droz. His nature was too tranquil to permit him to sympathize with the passions which agitate the mass of mankind; and his attempt to communicate his serenity by laying down rules for attaining it, was neither wise in itself nor fortunate in its reception. In 1815 Droz published "Ètudes sur le Beau dans les Arts;" and in 1823, along with Picard, "Les Memoires de Jacques Fauvel"
