a distinctive mark, the parts properly belonging; to himself. His participation he describes "as a species of imperceptible infusion, if I may so speak, which it is scarcely possible for the individual himself to remember." In 1813 we find Dumont with Romilly at Tamhurst. In 1814 he returned to Geneva, threw off his clerical gown, and became a member of the representative council. To him many practical improvements in the administration of justice and of prison discipline at Geneva owe their origin. Dumont was fond of travelling. His death occurred, while on a tour of pleasure through Italy, at Milan. He was never married. He left fifty-three nephews and nieces—each of whom he particularized in his will. His manuscripts were left to M. Duval, who published from them in 1831, "Souvenirs sur Mirabeau et sur le deux premières assemblées legislatives." Romilly had often urged on Dumont to write his recollections of the French revolution. Dumont indolently delayed till the incidents had in some degree faded from his memory. This has thrown some discredit on the accuracy of the work.—J. A., D.
DUMONT D'URVILLE, Jules Sebastien Cesar, a celebrated French navigator and naturalist, was born at Condé-sur-Noireau in Normandy on the 23rd May, 1790, and died on the 8th May, 1842. He studied at the lyceum of Caen, and afterwards entered the navy, where he displayed great ability. Accordingly he gained promotion, and was enabled to devote much time to study. Entomology and botany became favourite objects of pursuit. Along with Commander Duperrey, he was afterwards employed in circumnavigating the globe, and in searching for La Perouse. The corvette La Coquille, in which they sailed, left Toulon on the 11th August, 1822, and returned to Marseilles on the 24th April, 1825, after a thirty-two months' voyage, during which they crossed the equator seven times, and traversed twenty-four thousand eight hundred and ninety-four leagues, without losing a man or experiencing any severe accident. They made important geographical discoveries, and brought home a large collection of objects of natural history for the Parisian museum. They also traced out the fate of La Perouse. Dumont d'Urville brought eleven hundred species of insects—many of them new—and nearly three thousand species of plants, of which about four hundred were new. On the 3rd November, 1825, he was promoted to the rank of captain of a frigate, and immediately afterwards he was appointed to a new expedition in the corvette Coquille, which now received the name of L'Astrolabe. He left Toulon on the 25th April, 1826, touched at Teneriffe, and then proceeded to Australia, New Zealand, the Friendly Islands, New Caledonia, and numerous islands in the Pacific, New Guinea, Marian and Caroline islands, and finally, on the 25th March, 1829, returned to Marseilles. By this voyage important additions were made to science. The results were published at the expense of the government. On the 7th September, 1837, the Astrolabe again departed from Toulon, along with the corvette La Zelée, on an expedition to the south pole, under the command of Dumont d'Urville. Valuable observations were made in various departments of science, and d'Urville was promoted on his return. He proceeded to publish the results of his voyage, and in 1842 had finished the second volume, when his life was cut short by a railway accident between Versailles and Paris, on which occasion his wife and son were also killed. Among his works may be noticed—"Enumeration of Plants of the Grecian Archipelago and the Euxine;" "Flora of the Malouine Islands;" "Expedition to the South Pole and Oceania in the corvettes L'Astrolabe and La Zelée;" "Geology of the Island of Santorin;" and "Voyage of Discovery Round the World." A genus of Algae has been named Durvillea after him.—J. H. B.
DUMOULIN, Charles, born in 1500, and died in 1566. He wrote the name Du Molin, and in Latin Molinæus. Dumoulin studied law at Paris and at Poitiers, and became avocat in 1522. He devoted himself to the study of French customary law, and endeavoured to trace the varying customs of the different provinces to something of fixed principles. His book on fiefs was for a long time an authority. He opposed the institution of the order of jesuits, and the reception of a publication of the council of Trent. His works were prohibited by the court of Rome, and put in the index. What was of more moment, his house was attacked and pillaged, and he himself obliged to fly to Germany. When he was permitted again to return to France, he delivered lectures on law at Dôle, and there giving opinions on cases submitted to him, commenced his written opinions with this pompous formula—"Ego, qui nemini cedo, et a nemine doceri possum." Dumoulin's books were of too much moment not to be referred to, although prohibited, when questions arose on the subjects which he had discussed; and they were, by the consent of jurisconsults and advocates, cited by the pseudonym of Caspar Caballinus, under which name some of them were reprinted.—J. A., D.
DUMOURIEZ, Charles François, a distinguished French general, was born at Cambray in 1739. His father was a commissary in the French army, and wrote "Rechardit," a poem in two vols., 8vo. Young Dumouriez received a part of his education at the college of Louis le Grand at Paris. He entered the army at an early age, and served with distinction in Germany during the Seven Years' war. On the return of peace, he was employed by the French government in a subordinate situation on a secret mission; and in 1768 was appointed quarter-master-general to the French expedition sent against Corsica. Two years later he was despatched by the duke de Choiseul on a confidential mission to Poland, for the purpose of counteracting the intrigues of Catherine II. He was next sent to Sweden, in connection with a scheme of the French government, against Gustavus III. He was arrested at Hamburg, however, in 1771, as the agent of a pretended intrigue of the duke de Choiseul, and sent back to Paris, where he was thrown into the Bastile. After the death of Louis XV. He was released by his successor, and in 1778 was made governor of Cherbourg. He was subsequently promoted to the rank of major-general. When the Revolution broke out Dumouriez joined the Girondins, and was by their influence appointed minister for foreign affairs. But in three months he resigned his office on the dismissal of his colleagues, and immediately joined the army on the northern frontier. After the desertion of Lafayette he was appointed commander-in-chief of the army opposed to the greatly superior Prussian force under the duke of Brunswick. Longway and Verdun surrendered to the invaders, and Paris seemed open to their assault. The greatest consternation prevailed; but Dumouriez resolutely set himself to retard the march of the enemy till the arrival of the forces under Kellerman and Bournonville. By his determined stand in the forest of Argonne he gave time to these reinforcements to come up; and in the end the invaders were defeated at Valmy, 20th September, 1792, and compelled to retreat. Dumouriez was thus left at liberty to execute a project he had long meditated of invading the Low Countries, and rescuing them from the Austrian dominion. He crossed the frontier at the head of an army of 100,000 men flushed with victory. On the 5th and 6th of November he defeated the Austrians at Gemappes after a stubborn conflict, and this decisive victory led to the capture of Mons, Brussels, Antwerp, and other fortified towns, and to the speedy conquest of the whole of the Austrian Netherlands. The execution of Louis XVI. alienated Dumouriez from the revolutionary party; and he determined to employ his influence for the re-establishment of monarchy in the person of Louis's son. He proceeded, however, in compliance with the orders of the convention to attack Holland, and took Breda and some other towns. But here the tide turned. The French were defeated by the Austrians in several engagements, and compelled to retreat. An agreement was made between Dumouriez and Prince Cobourg that his retreat should not be seriously molested; and it was agreed that he should march to Paris, dissolve the convention, and restore constitutional monarchy. But suspicions were entertained at Paris of his fidelity; and the convention despatched four commissioners, along with the minister-of-war, to supersede and arrest Dumouriez. The army were at first indignant at the attempt to seize their general, and Dumouriez sent the commissioners as prisoners to the Austrian headquarters at Tournay. But the troops positively refused to join him in his designs against the government; and he was compelled to take refuge with the Austrian general, Clairfayt, in April, 1793, accompanied by only eight hundred infantry and seven hundred cavalry. Dumouriez spent the remainder of his life in exile, sojourning successively in Brussels, Cologne, England, Switzer land, Germany, Denmark, and St. Petersburg. He finally took up his residence in England in 1804, and subsisted on a liberal pension granted him by the British government. Some French writers have absurdly claimed for him the credit of originating the tactics followed by the duke of Wellington in the peninsular war. Dumouriez died at Turville park, near Henley-on-
