guished himself in the battle of Tarragona in 1641; and two years later was wounded off Cape da Gata, fighting under the flag of the duke de Brézé. The death of Richelieu and the minority of Louis XIV. causing the war to languish, Duquesne, impatient of inaction, sought service with the king of Sweden, and receiving from him the rank of vice-admiral, won for him the naval engagement with the Danish fleet near Gottenburg, which raised the siege of that city. The Danes returned to the encounter with augmented forces under the command of King Christiern in person, and an obstinate struggle ensued; but victory again crowned the efforts of Duquesne, whose flag-ship attacked and captured that of the Danish admiral. Returning to France in 1650, he found opportunity of renewing his feud with the Spaniards, who were assisting the revolted inhabitants of Bordeaux. Collecting a squadron, he sailed for that quarter, blockaded the mouth of the Gironde, and compelled the city to capitulate, for which service he was rewarded by the regent, Anne of Austria, with a gift of the castle and isle of Indret, near Nantes, and raised to the rank of commodore. At a later period, being sent to assist Messina against the combined fleets of Spain and Holland, he had an opportunity of measuring his strength with the famous Admiral De Ruyter. After several less important actions, a decisive battle was fought near Catania, which resulted in a signal victory to the French; the Dutch admiral being mortally wounded, and compelled to retreat to Syracuse. The closing years of Duquesne's life were full of honour, though his protestant principles hindered his preferment. He died in 1688, grieving over the revocation of the edict of Nantes.—W. B.
DURAM or DURAO, Francisco Jose de Santa Preta, born in Brazil in 1737; died at Lisbon in 1783. Having early taken the habit of the Augustinian order, he came to Portugal and obtained some reputation as a preacher. Going into Spain he was for some reason imprisoned, but liberated in 1763. He then went to Rome, and lived for some time in intimacy with Alfieri, Cesarotti, and others. On his return to Portugal, he assisted in the revival of the university of Coimbra. He fixed his residence on the banks of the river Mondego, and here dictated to a mulatto who had followed his wanderings, an epic poem on the conquest of Brazil. The poem is not even now forgotten in his native country.—F. M. W.
DURAMANO, Francesco, a Venetian painter, flourishing at Brescia towards the middle of the eighteenth century, excelled in flowers, which he treated in the style of Lopez, but, if possible, with greater mannerism.—R. M.
DURAMEAU, Louis, a French historical painter, born in Paris in 1733; died in 1796. By his success he attained the honour of a professorship at the academy; was named painter to the king, and keeper of the pictures of the crown. These distinctions sadly interfered with his labours, which, in the latter part of his career, were contemptible both in respect of number and merit.
* DURAN, Augustin, one of the most successful of modern Spanish critics, born at Madrid, 1793. His father was physician to some members of the royal family. He lost his mother at an early age, and seems to have been compelled by a weakly constitution to devote himself to literature rather than to more active life; his early friendship with Quintana, no doubt, had also a great influence in directing his choice. He studied at Salamanca until 1817, when he went to pursue a course of law and philosophy at Seville, and distinguished himself among the pupils of the celebrated Lista. As soon as he was called to the bar, he returned to his paternal home to prosecute his studies, and in 1821 was appointed director-general of studies at Madrid. From this time he devoted a large part of his fortune and energies to the task of completing a collection of the best works of the old Spanish theatre. Deprived of his official functions by the political events of 1823, he continued his labours, and in 1828 published anonymously a discourse on the influence of modern criticism on the decline of the Spanish stage. In the same year appeared his "Romancero," a collection of Moorish romances, followed by other portions of the same work down to the eighteenth century. Various articles, generally of a conservative tendency, were contributed by him at this time to the periodicals of the day. In 1834 he was appointed inspector of libraries, and principal librarian of the national library. He commenced in this year the publication of the old Spanish dramas, but the undertaking was not carried out. Some interesting articles in the Revista de Madrid on popular poetry, "Lope de Vega," as well as several poems on events of the day, are from his pen. There is reason to hope that important works, including a history of the Spanish drama, will shortly be published by this author.—F. M. W.
DURAND, a learned French Benedictine, born about 1012 at Neubourg, and died in 1089. At a very early age he entered the monastery of Mount Saint Catherine of Rouen. He devoted himself to philosophy, music, and theology, and soon acquired a great reputation. From Mount Saint Catherine he passed to Saint Vandrille, but William the Bastard soon placed him at the head of the Abbaye de Saint Martin de Troarn, in the diocese of Bayeux. Here he signalized his zeal to maintain ecclesiastical discipline, and was very influential in spreading among the monasteries a taste for music. He himself possessed a fine voice and considerable skill as a composer. Despite of his habitual austerities he lived to an old age, and died in the monastery which he had ruled for the long period of thirty years. Of Durand's works the only one extant is his dogmatic treatise entitled "Of the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ, against Berenger and his followers." It preceded by several years the refutation of Berenger by Lanfranc and Guitmond.—R. M., A.
DURAND, Charles Etienne, a French architect of modern times, who, besides many public works in the environs of Nismes, successfully conducted the restoration of the celebrated "Maison carrée," thus preserved from ruin. Died at Nismes in 1840.
DURAND, Guillaume, born at Puymisson in 1230; died at Rome in 1296; studied canonical law at Bologna, and upon receiving his degree entered upon a course of teaching, first in that university, and subsequently at Modena. In 1265 he went to Rome, and was appointed assistant chaplain to Clement IV., to whom he was also indebted for two canonries—that of Beauvais and of Narbonne. Durand repaid these favours by the services he rendered his patron at the council of Lyons, and had the good fortune at the same time to ingratiate himself into the confidence of the cardinals. His hopes, however, of becoming one of them were ruined by the death, in 1276, of his friend Gervois Ottoboni de Frisque, to whom he had dedicated his "Speculum Judiciale," and who enjoyed the title of Adrian V. only a few weeks. In 1280 we find Durand again employed by the prelates, in some negotiation concerning the Princess Clemence, daughter of the Emperor Rudolf, and a short time afterwards in lending all his influence to secure for the pope his authority in Romagna and the March of Ancona. His friendship with his holiness unavoidably involved him in the contest then raging between the Guelphs and Ghibellines. He seems to have striven to reconcile both parties, but shared the opinions of his patrons, and took rank among the defenders of the papacy. In 1284 he was appointed chief governor of Romagna, the pacification of which has been attributed mainly to the exercise of his great military and administrative powers. In 1285 he was created bishop of Mende—by taking possession of it by proxy he remained in Italy until 1291—and a few years later he refused the bishopric of Ravenna, offered him by Boniface VIII. He had now enough distinction, and longed for a few years' quiet enjoyment of the land in which he had laboured so energetically. During his residence in Massa-Trabaria he built a palace in the plains near the old fort of Ripe, and derived much pleasure from superintending its progress. It was known long afterwards as Castel Durante. Durand was succeeded in his governorship by Maxime Pipirno in September, 1296, and retired to Rome, where, a few weeks after, he closed his brilliant career. He was interred with much pomp in the church Santa Maria della Minerva. The most celebrated of his works are—"Miroir du Droit;" "Rationale divinorum officiorum;" "Speculum Judiciale;" "Repertorium juris canonici;" "Commentarium in sacro-sanctum Lugdunense concilium secundum."—A. J. N.
DURAND, Jacques, a French historical painter, born at Nancy in 1699; died in 1767; pupil of Leopold Durand and of Nattier. He completed his studies at Rome, where he resided eight years, supported and patronized by the duke of Lorraine. His style of composition is easy, his design correct, and his colouring pleasing. His works were much sought after.
DURAND, Jean Nicholas Louis, French professor of architecture, born at Paris in 1760, was the son of a shoemaker in very poor circumstances, and was indebted for his education to the kindness of a gentleman who had had opportunity to remark the boy's cleverness. This benevolent patron placed him at the College Montaigne, where he pursued classical studies with much
