energy and success. After leaving college he was for some time in the studio of a sculptor; but his studies in architecture gradually absorbing his attention, he was released from his engagement, and, through the interest of his first benefactor, placed under the care of Panseron, the architect. Two years afterwards he was appointed draftsman to Boulee, the king's architect, who spared no effort to retain him in his employment, and eventually settled upon him an annuity. His studios were not limited to the requirements of his position; he attended the courses of lectures at the royal academy of architecture, and in 1780 obtained from that institution the great prize of the year. When the national convention in 1793 offered prizes for designs for various public buildings, Durand, in conjunction with his friend Thibaut, produced eleven, four of which were successful. The whole eleven are reproduced in Detournelle's collection of "Les grands Pris." When Durand was appointed, shortly after this, to the professorship of architecture at the central school of public works—afterwards the famous école polytechnique—he renounced the business of a draughtsman, and devoted himself to the preparation of works of instruction for his pupils. His "Recueil et Parallèle des Edifices de tous Genres" appeared in 1800; it consisted of eighty-six plates, double folio size. The plan of the publication is somewhat meagre, being limited to the most celebrated buildings, and giving only a general plan and elevation of each. It has been reprinted lately, however, with additions from the works of other eminent architects. The principal publications of Durand, besides the "Recueil," were his "Precis des leçons d'Architecture," a valuable work, notwithstanding some of its rules have been objected to as enforcing a mechanical treatment of the subjects of the art; and "Precis graphique des Cours d'Architecture." Durand died at Thiais, near Paris, in 1834.—R. M.
DURANTE, Francesco, a musician, was born at Grumo, near Naples, in 1693, and died at Naples in 1755. He entered the conservatorio di S. Onofrio in 1700, and was placed under the instruction of Alessandro Scarlatti. He quitted the institution in 1710, when he went to Rome to study counterpoint under Pasquini, and singing under Pittoni. Returning to Naples in 1715, he was appointed professor of accompaniment in the seminary where he had first been educated, and in 1718, young as he was, he was placed at the head of the conservatorio degli poveri di Gesu Cristo. While in this office, he produced as pupils Pergolese, Jomelli, Vinci, Duni, and other musicians little less renowned; but the abolition of the establishment, over which he presided, in 1740, closed for a time his valuable labours. He is said now to have suffered great privation, and is stated to have spent some time in Germany. He was again in Naples in 1745, when, on the death of Leo, he was chosen to succeed this master in the direction of the conservatorio di S. Onofrio, which appointment he held till his death. Piccini, Sachini, Guglielmi, and Paesiello were his pupils at this period, and they give lasting lustre to his name as a teacher. The Neapolitans still boast of Durante as the founder of their classical school of composition; but as he taught orally and left no written code of principles, his eminently efficient system of instruction has only been preserved by tradition, and has doubtless been much corrupted in its transmission through more than a hundred years. He wrote very extensively for the church, and is classed as the greatest Italian ecclesiastical composer since Palestrina; his music being extolled for the melodiousness of all the parts, and for the purity and vigour of the counterpoint. His chamber vocal duets also were long held in the highest esteem; and, if only as vocal exercises, they do not merit the comparative forgetfulness into which they have fallen.—G. A. M.
DURANTI, Jean Etienne, a French magistrate, was born at Toulouse in 1534. He was the son of a counsellor of the parliament of that city, and while still young was well esteemed of for his pleadings at the bar. He was chosen to pronounce an oration in the presence of Charles IX., when that king visited Toulouse. Duranti became advocate-general and was chosen first president of the parliament by Henry III. in 1581. The famous ligue was at this time at its height. Duranti set himself firmly to oppose it, but in vain. He thus became as it were a marked man. His life was in danger, and after escaping more than once, he was killed at Toulouse by a musket ball, in the midst of an infuriated rabble, on the 10th of February, 1589. His lifeless body was treated with the foulest indignities by the brutal populace, and this although he had a short time before exerted himself to the utmost to save them from the horrors of the pestilence. Duranti founded the college de l'Esquille, and was the author of the celebrated book, erroneously attributed to Pierre Danés, "De Ritibus Ecclesiæ." The pope, Sixtus V., ordered it to be printed at Rome in 1591, fol.—R. M., A.
DUREAU DE LA MALLE, Adolphe Jules Cesar Auguste, son of Jean Baptiste, born in 1772, may be said to have inherited his father's love of classical learning; for he also distinguished himself by works of translation, besides being an artist, a geographer, and a poet. His love of art led him at one time into a strange and very nearly fatal adventure. It was while he was engaged in sketching the romantic scenery of the coasts of Normandy and Brittany in 1792, that he was arrested as a spy, and narrowly escaped the death of an imputed traitor. The Revolution had seriously affected his father's property, and he had recourse to painting for sustenance until the return of better days. When enabled to apply his mind to congenial subjects, he published the physical geography of the Black Sea, of Africa, and of the Mediterranean; wrote an essay on the modes of attack and defence of fortified places before the invention of gunpowder; traced the origin of various domestic animals; wrote a history of Carthage and of Roman invasion in France; and made the Chevalier Bayard the subject of a poem.—J. F. C.
DUREAU DE LA MALLE, Jean Baptiste Joseph René, was born at St. Domingo in 1742, and died in Paris in 1807. Although possessed of a brilliant fortune, he devoted himself entirely to letters. His grandfather had been governor of St. Domingo, where, at seven years old, he was left an orphan. His guardian resolved upon having him brought to France, in order that he might receive an education suitable to his position. The ship-of-war in which he was conveyed not only encountered a storm, but the still more exciting event of a combat, out of which she escaped without serious damage. The youth, whose imagination was excited by such scenes, gave vent to his feelings in a play, of which the hero was the famous French admiral, Tourville, and the scene of action a ship's deck. A more serious view of his powers was taken when he was found to carry off the prizes of eloquence and of Latin poetry from two competitors, who rose, each in his way, to the highest literary position; namely,. La Harpe and Delille. It was, however, to the translation of Tacitus, Sallust, Titus Livius, and other classic authors, that he devoted his life. He sat in the corps legislatif in 1802, and was elected a member of the academy in 1804.—J. F. C.
DUREL, David, a biblical critic, born in Jersey in 1728, probably of the same family as the preceding. He took the degree of M.A. at Pembroke college, Oxford, in 1753, became fellow of Hertford college, and, on the resignation of Dr. Sharpe in 1757, principal. In 1764 he took the degree of D.D., previously to which he had published "The Hebrew Texts of the Parallel Prophecies of Jacob and Moses relating to the Twelve Tribes, with a translation and notes," &c. This work at once placed him in the first rank of biblical critics, the soundness of his judgment being no less commended than the extent of his acquaintance with oriental literature. In 1767 he was appointed a prebend in the metropolitan church of Canterbury, and shortly afterwards to the vicarage of Tycehurst in Sussex. His "Critical Remarks on the books of Job, Psalms, Ecclesiastes, and Canticles," published in 1772, confirmed the theological world in the favourable opinion of Durel's erudition, judgment, and candour, which had been formed from his former work. Unfortunately it was the last he was to complete. While preparing a work on the prophetic writings, Durel died in 1775, in the forty-eighth year of his age.—J. S., G.
DUREL, John, a learned divine of the Church of England, born at St. Helier's in the isle of Jersey in 1626, entered Merton college, Oxford, in 1640, and on the breaking out of the civil war retired to France. He studied for some time at the college of Caen in Normandy, and took his degree there in 1644. Subsequently he studied theology at Saumur, under the celebrated Moses Amyrault. Returning to his native country in 1647, he took an active part in the measures which were adopted to preserve the island of Jersey for the king, so that, on its reduction by the parliamentary forces in 1651, he was obliged to withdraw to France. Having received ordination at the hands of the bishop of Galloway, who was then in Paris, he thought of settling in that city, but not obtaining any professional engagement, he took his departure for Caen, where he was invited to preach in the reformed church during the absence of Bochart, then in
