Iceland. He found much opposition in introducing the reformed religion into his bishopric, but succeeded by his wisdom and moderation, aided by the royal support. He died in 1548.—M. H.
EINARSSON, Halfdan, a learned Icelander, born on the 20th of June, 1732; rector of Holum. He has left many works behind him, amongst which may be especially mentioned his literary history of Iceland, "Sciagraphia Historiæ Literariæ Islandiæ." He died, 1st February, 1785.—M. H.
EINARSSON, Oddur, was born in Iceland in 1559. His father, Einar Sigurdsson, was a well-known parish priest and poet. Einarsson was educated at Holum, and afterwards in Copenhagen, where, amongst other studies, he devoted himself to mathematics and astronomy under Tycho Brahe, and became one of his favourite pupils. On his return to Iceland, he was first rector of the high school at Holum, and afterwards, in 1588, bishop of Skalholt, where he died, 28th December, 1630. He was the most learned man in Iceland. Nearly all his writings, however, were consumed by fire during the latter years of his life. His published works are but few.—M. H.
EIOUB-ENSARI, Abou, one of the followers of Mahomet. He was standard-bearer to the prophet, and also to the caliph, Mouwiah I. He fell in the first attack on Constantinople by the Mahometans, and, a short time before his death, predicted, as it is said, that a Mussulman prince should conquer the Christian city, and pay honour to his grave. This prophecy which belongs probably to the ex post facto description, is held to have been fulfilled in both its particulars by Mahomet II.—R. M., A.
EISELEN, Johann Friedrich Gottfried, a German writer on political economy, was born in 1785 at Rothenburg, near Halle; and after having studied theology at Erlangen, served as a volunteer in the war of liberation. In 1821 he was appointed professor of political economy at Breslau, and in 1829 translated in the same capacity to Halle. His principal works are—"Grundzüge der Staatswissenschaft;" "Handbuch des Systems der Staatswissenschaften;" and "Die Lehre von der Volkswirthschaft," 1843.—K. E.
EISEN VON SCHWARZENBERG, Johann Georg, a German physician, born at Bolsingen in 1717; died in 1779. He studied for the ministry at the university of Jena, and was appointed pastor at Torma. As his emoluments were small, however, and not regularly paid, he spent most of his time in extra-clerical pursuits, dabbling in chemistry and medicine, and vending a certain tinctura dulcis, to which he attributed remedial properties of a marvellous kind. At the same time he gave much attention to political economy, and wrote some pieces upon the evils of the feudal system and the miseries of northern serfdom, which attracted the notice of the enlightened czar, Peter III., who was in communication with their author respecting the abolition of serfdom in Russia, when he was murdered in 1762. Although disappointed in this quarter, however, Eisen had the gratification of witnessing the emancipation of the slave population of Livonia, and of calling it his own work, 1767. In the same province he earned another title to the public esteem, by the introduction of vaccination.—J. S., G.
* EISENMANN, Gottfried, a German physician, who has been conspicuously concerned in most of the great political movements of the present century in Germany, was born at Wurtzburg in 1795. In 1813, when he had acquired, along with some knowledge of law which was his first study, unbounded ardour in matters of politics, he became connected with the secret societies which then sprung up everywhere in Germany to intimidate the various governments into constitutional action. From that year till 1849, although a physician of some repute, and the author of some respectable professional works, he was almost incessantly engaged in the strife of politics—a period of nine years excepted, during which he was a prisoner in the castle of Passau.—J. S., G.
EISENMENGER, Johann Andreas, was born at Mannheim in 1654. Having finished his education, which was conducted partly in Holland and England, he was sent by Karl Ludwig, the reigning elector, to travel in the East. On his return, which was hastened by the death of his patron, he settled at Amsterdam, where he vigorously prosecuted his oriental studies. The attacks of a certain Rabbi Lida on christianity, and the fact that three christians had been converted to Judaism, roused him to devote himself to this controversy. Retiring to Heidelberg, and afterwards to Frankfort, he gave the labour of nineteen years to the production of his great work, "Entdecktes Judenthum" (Judaism Disclosed), the design of which is to collect and confute all the cavils and objections of the Jews against Christianity, historical, exegetical, and doctrinal. So thoroughly is this done, that the work remains to this day unrivalled as a storehouse of material on this subject. In 1700 he was appointed professor of oriental languages at Heidelberg, where he died, December 20, 1704. The Jews sought to prevent the publication of his work, and succeeded in keeping back the edition printed by him for nearly forty years after his death. The work was published, however, in the meantime by Frederick I. of Prussia in 1711, at Königsberg.—W. L. A.
EKEBERG, Carl Gustaf, a Swedish sea-captain, born in 1716, and died in 1784. In his youth he studied medicine, and made himself something of a proficient in mathematical and mechanical science. He was afterwards employed by the Swedish East India Company, and made many voyages to the East in their service. Ekeberg, however, had a mind alive to more interests than those of the company. His "Easy method of Inoculating for the Small-Pox" proved an invaluable blessing to his own and the other northern countries. He wrote a considerable number of other works—some of them designed to facilitate the acquisition of christian knowledge.—R. M., A.
EKEBERG, Gustav Andreas, a Swedish chemist, was born in Stockholm, January 16, 1767. He was educated first at Kalmar, and afterwards at Upsala. His first chemical achievement was an inaugural dissertation on the vegetable fixed oils. In 1794 he obtained the appointment of assistant professor (magister docens) of chemistry at Upsala—a situation which he held till his death in 1813. His researches were turned mainly to the important though unobtrusive department of chemical analysis. The great Berzelius was one of his pupils.—J. W. S.
EKELAND, Jakob, born in 1790; died in 1841 in Stockholm, where he lived partly in holy orders, partly as a teacher of youth. He is known as the translator of Sakuntala and Sir Walter Scott's romances, but principally for his historical reading books, which are universally used in the Swedish schools.—M. H.
* EKSTRÖMER, Carl Johan af, one of the most celebrated physicians of Stockholm, and the greatest Swedish surgeon of the present day. Born on the 3rd October, 1793, at Râdenfors Brug in Dalsland, he became in 1813 army surgeon, and in this capacity attended the movements of the army in Germany and Norway in 1816. From 1819 to 1821 he travelled as royal stipendiary, and on his return home, though only twenty-eight years of age, received the honour of being appointed royal physician, and superintending surgeon of the Seraphine hospital. Afterwards he was nominated director-general of the Swedish hospitals, and medicinalraad. He has twice been member of the diet. He edited for some time the Medicinsk Tidning, and has produced many scientific pamphlets.—M. H.
ELAGABALUS, Emperor of Rome in 218-22, was born at Emesa in 205. He was the son of Sextus Valerius Marcellus by Julia Sœmias (one of the daughters of Julia Mæsa), whose sister, Julia Domna, was the wife of Septimius Severus, and the mother of Caracalla. The name Elagabalus was given him because in his youth he was a priest of the Syro-Phœnician sun-god of that name; but he was originally called Varius Avitus Bassianus, and on assuming the purple, he took the title of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. He owed his elevation entirely to the intrigues of his grandmother Mæsa. The death of Caracalla had rendered it necessary for her to retire from the imperial court; but even in her Syrian place of exile she was able to keep herself well acquainted with the state of affairs in Rome, and she eagerly looked for an opportunity of regaining the influence of which the accession of Macrinus had deprived her. Such an opportunity soon presented itself. The unsuccessful issue of the Parthian war, together with the parsimonious habits of the new emperor, and the rigid discipline which he enforced, excited great discontent among a soldiery accustomed under former rulers to laxity of discipline and rapacious habits. Mæsa employed all her skill in increasing this disaffection; and by circulating a report that the young Bassianus, her grandson, was in reality a son of Caracalla, and not, as was generally believed, of her daughter's husband, Marcellus, she succeeded in creating a revolt in his favour among a large body of the imperial troops, at that time stationed near Emesa. Many of the other parties of soldiers in the neighbourhood of Emesa joined in the insurrection, and even the army sent by Macrinus against the insurgents was prevailed upon to support the claims of Elagabalus; so that when Macri-
