EUDES IV., Duke of Burgundy, succeeded his brother, Hugh V., in 1315, and three years later married the eldest daughter of the French king, Philip V. After distinguishing himself in the wars of Philip VI. against the Flemings and Edward III. of England, he died in the same year with his sovereign, in 1350.—W. B.
EUDES, Count of Champagne, was hereditary count of Blois, and seized the former fief, when it was claimed by the crown at the death of his cousin Stephen. His ambitious and turbulent spirit involved him in frequent quarrels with the French king, Robert, and the great feudatories of the kingdom; and he died in battle in 1037, attempting to possess himself of the duchy of Lorraine, and convert his coronet into a royal diadem.—W. B.
EUDES, Jean, brother to the celebrated historian Mezeray, was born at Rye in 1601. He was the founder of a society called Eudists, or the Congregation of Jesus and Mary. His popularity as a preacher contributed to the increase of his followers, who were most numerous in Normandy and Brittany. At the time of the French revolution the Eudists had had eight superior-generals. Eudes, who died at Caen in 1680, left some works which can hardly be in any other light than as an addition to the rubbish of papistical mysticism.—R. M., A.
EUDES. See Mezeray.
EUDOCIA, Augusta, a Roman empress, was born near the close of the fourth century. She was the daughter of an Athenian philosopher called Leontius, and her own name before her exaltation to the imperial throne was Athenais. Her father had her carefully educated in all the learning of the time, and her lively and ingenious spirit seems to have eagerly seconded his most enthusiastic wishes. She was also remarkably beautiful, and Leontius, who must have been an eccentric father, considered that so many graces, both of body and mind, were a sufficient dowry, and at his death loft her only a miserable pittance—the rest of his property having gone to her two brothers. Athenais, thinking herself wronged, repaired to Constantinople, and laid her grievances before Pulcheria, the sister of Theodosius II. That princess was immediately taken with the beautiful damsel, and secretly resolved that she should become the wife of her brother. This design was soon accomplished. Athenais renounced the worship of the gods, took the name of Eudocia, and became empress of the East. She was sincerely beloved by Theodosius II., and enhanced her new-found bliss by still cultivating those ingenuous arts which had contributed to her greatness. Her pilgrimage, or rather triumphant progress to Jerusalem, where she distinguished herself by the magnificence of her benefactions, proved the boundary of her happiness and glory. The adulation she had received on the way seems to have quickened her ambition, and she now aspired to the government of the Eastern empire. Her fall was not far distant. The jealousy of her husband, and especially of Pulcheria, his sister, was aroused. Of her two principal favourites, one was murdered and the other disgraced. Perceiving that she had irrecoverably lost the affection of Theodosius, she requested permission to retire to Jerusalem. There she caused Saturninus to be assassinated in revenge of the crimes which had deprived her of her favourites. She had now become the victim of her own greatness, being no longer able to restrain her passions. Theodosius degraded her from the imperial rank. The last sixteen years of her life were spent in devotion. She died at Jerusalem in 461.—R. M., A.
EUDOCIA, Augusta Macrembolista, lived in the latter part of the eleventh century, and married Constantine Ducas, who afterwards became Constantine XI., emperor of Constantinople. At his death Eudocia swore to him that she would not marry again; but the necessities of the empire requiring a stronger than a female hand, she soon placed Romanus Diogenes, though at the time actually under sentence of exile, at the head of the oriental armies, and eventually became his wife. Romanus, who had now become the fourth emperor of that name, fell into the hands of the Turks; whereupon the Cæsar John proclaimed Michael, the eldest son of Constantine XI., sole emperor, and placed Eudocia, his mother, in a convent. She was the authoress of a biographical and historical work entitled "Ιωνια."—R. M., A.
EUDO or EUDON, Duke of Acquitaine and Gascony, born in 665, assumed the authority of an independent sovereign in the reign of Chilperic II. of Neustria, and made an unsuccessful attempt to aid that unfortunate monarch against Charles Martel. In the beginning of the eighth century the Saracens, who had overrun Spain, invaded his territories. He checked them for the time by a signal victory which he gained over them at Toulouse; but subsequent reverses compelled him to seek the assistance of his rival, the great Austrasian mayor, and their combined forces gained at Poitiers the famous victory over Abdu-r-rahman, which saved Europe from the Crescent. Aquitaine at the same time became once more a dependency, and Eudo died in 735, with a reputation for ability and prowess second only to that of the illustrious son of Pepin.—W. B.
EUDOXIA, Empress of the East, born in 375, was the daughter of Bauto, a Frankish general in the service of Rome. She was married to Arcadius, who succeeded his father Theodosius on the imperial throne, and bore him four daughters and one son—Theodosius II. Eudoxia was of a haughty and rapacious disposition. She freely indulged her passions, and despised her husband; yet, as Gibbon remarks, Arcadius was probably the only man in the empire who lamented her death in 404. Her persecution of the great Chrysostom, which bulks so largely in the life of that Father, needs to be no more than mentioned here.—R. M., A.
EUDOXIA, sometimes called Eudoxia the Younger, was the daughter of Theodosius II., emperor of Constantinople, by his wife Eudocia of Athens. She was born in 422, and married at an early age her cousin, Valentinian III., who had been placed by her father at the head of the western portion of the Roman empire. After the death of her husband, who was assassinated in 455 by Petronius Maximus, a man of patrician dignity, she was compelled to marry the murderer; but appealing to Genseric, king of the Vandals, he invaded Italy, plundered Rome, and carried Eudoxia with him into Africa. She was sent afterwards to Constantinople, and died there.—J. B. J.
EUDOXUS, a Greek astronomer, was born at Cnidus about the year 400 b.c., and died in 352 b.c. He was the first to bring to Greece the knowledge of the length of the year. He had visited Egypt, and having put himself under the discipline of the priests, he learned that the period was three hundred and sixty-five days and a quarter, a value which was afterwards adopted in the Julian calendar. This value was known in Egypt for two thousand eight hundred years before the christian era, so that Eudoxus had only the credit of reporting the fact, not the merit of discovering it. It is also probable that he was the first to introduce to Greece the use of celestial spheres. Eudoxus has the undoubted right to be regarded as the inventor of the concentric spheres, which for so long a period clogged the advance of astronomical science. Each planet had its own system of spheres, and each irregularity of motion had also its appropriate sphere. There were in all twenty-six spheres in his system. This, however, but imperfectly represented the actual motions of the planets, and eventually the number so increased that they served only to bewilder.—W. L. M.
EUDOXUS, an ancient navigator, was born at Cyzicus, and lived about 150 b.c. He is mentioned by Pomponius Mela, and also by Strabo and Pliny. He sailed to India, and from the Red Sea round Africa to Cadiz. He made no addition, however, to the geographical knowledge of that time.—R. M., A.
EUGÈNE FRANCIS, called Prince of Savoy, was born in Paris, October, 1663, of Eugène Maurice, count of Soissons, and of Olimpia Mancini, the niece of Cardinal Mazarin, and one of the ladies of the court of Louis XIV. As his parents had destined him to the church, he was nicknamed in court circles, Le Petit Abbé, and his request to have a commission in the army met with a sneering repulse from the king. Prompted by resentment and a restless love of military glory, he left France, and offered his services to the emperor of Austria, soon after the rescue of Vienna from the hands of the Turks, through the chivalrous assistance of Sobieski. Eugène won his first laurels when fighting against the former in 1685, and was made major-general in 1688, at the siege of Belgrade. Then the war which had broken out between the empire and France for the palatine succession, gave him an opportunity of encountering on the Rhone the forces of his personal foe. He was subsequently sent by the Emperor Leopold to Victor Amedée, duke of Savoy, who was cousin to Eugene, both to help the war in Italy, and to keep the wavering duke faithful to his engagements with the coalition against Louis XIV. The military operations in Piedmont were at first unsuccessful, and the battle of Staffarde, though gallantly fought, was lost by the Austro-Italians. In the following campaign, however, Eugène, who was then lieutenant-general to the
