duke, obtained signal advantages over his valiant antagonist, Catinat, and was thus enabled to carry the war beyond the Var, in the Dauphiné. After the desertion of the duke of Savoy from the Austrian alliance, Eugène returned to Vienna, and was appointed commander to the imperial forces against the Turks. These were utterly defeated by him at the famous battle of Zeuta, where he attacked the enemy, in spite of an arbitrary order from Vienna to desist from action. In consequence of his disobedience he was dismissed, but his services were soon again deemed indispensable, and by his exertions Hungary and Transylvania were restored to Austria. Soon after (1701) England, headed by William of Orange then the great champion of freedom of conscience and international rights, formed the triple alliance with Holland and the emperor, to resist the pretensions of the house of Bourbon to the Spanish succession, and the offensive policy of Louis XIV. against her own liberties. Marlborough and Eugène were the two heroes of this great struggle. Whilst the former was at work in the Netherlands, Eugène opened his first campaign in Italy from the Tyrol to Verona, and by a skilful march completely outwitted Catinat. Louis XIV. unadvisedly recalled him from Lombardy, appointing in his stead the inexperienced Villeroi, who soon became a prisoner of Eugène, through a surprise on Cremona. But in the following year the French, strengthened by Spanish reinforcements, and commanded by the able duke of Vendôme, retrieved their losses in Lombardy, and fortune proved favourable to them at the battle of Luzzara. Eugène was then called to fight the Hungarian insurgents under Prince Ragotzky; and having succeeded in subduing them, he joined Marlborough on the Rhine in 1704. The two generals then organized the series of strategic operations which subsequently led to the great victory of Blenheim. Eugène was the more worthy of admiration in his successes, as they were obtained in spite of the hinderances by which Austrian pedantry, and the mean policy of the German states, had often beset his career, as well as that of his gallant companion in arms, Prince Louis of Baden. The progress of Vendôme in northern Italy, in 1706, made the presence of Eugène once more necessary in that country; and although beaten and severely wounded at Cassano, he soon rallied and overtook the French, who were double in number, under the walls of Turin, on the 7th of September There, by a dashing attack, he gained a complete victory. Eugène entered a second time the territory of France, the invasion of which was his constant aim; and he tried to besiege Toulon, but failed in the attempt, through the lukewarmness of Victor Amedée. His talents were again brought forth in the brilliant campaigns of 1708-9, the former of which, under his and Marlborough's direction, ended in the taking of Lille; the second in the sanguinary victory of Malplaquet, which cost Holland the flower of its army. Eugène was justly blamed for his rashness on that occasion. After the insignificant campaign of 1710, the change of politics in England, and the succession of Charles VI. to the imperial throne, completely modified the prospects of the war. The new English ministry in 1711 began to treat with France. Marlborough was recalled, notwithstanding the efforts of Eugène, who had gone to London to support him and the policy of war. The conditions of peace agreed upon by the congress of Utrecht, were accepted by all the allies except Austria. Eugène persisted in a defensive war against his great competitor. Marshal Villars, till 1713, when, through the impossibility of any longer preventing French invasion in Germany, he was authorized to open negotiations with the French general at Rastatt. The peace was signed in March, 1714. After a short rest in Vienna, Eugène astonished the world with his victories on those same fields which had witnessed the dawn of his military glory thirty years back. Austria having joined Venice in a quarrel against the sultan, he was intrusted with the command-in-chief of the imperial forces in Hungary. The battle of Peterwaradin in 1616, and that of Belgrade in 1617, in which he routed an army six times stronger than his own, rendered his name a household word throughout Europe. He was confidently meditating the conquest of Constantinople, when the treaty of Passarowitz put a stop to his career. He was afterwards engaged in administrative and diplomatic functions, until the succession of Poland originated a new war between Austria and France. He was then seventy-one years old, and had lost a great part of his former energy. After an unsuccessful campaign on the Rhine, he insisted upon offering peace in March, 1733, and returned to Vienna, where he died on the 21st of April, 1736. Prince Eugène never married, and seemed through life to have no other passion but military glory. Stern in character, careless of men's lives in the furtherance of his plans, he strove for victory at any cost, and often proved a hard master to the populations who had to suffer by war. Witness his administration in Lombardy during the contest with France, when the country was nearly ruined by his exactions.—(See Histoire de Prince Eugène, published at Amsterdam, 1740, and Vienna, 1755.)—A. S., O.
EUGENE de Beauharnais. See Beauharnais.
EUGENICUS, a divine of the Greek church, lived in the first part of the fifteenth century. He was brother to John Eugenicus, a celebrated ecclesiastical writer. Eugenicus began his career as a teacher of rhetoric, and soon rose to be archbishop of Ephesus. He accompanied the emperor, John Palæologus, to the council of Florence, where, as in all other places and at all times, he showed himself an uncompromising adversary of the Latin church. His works relate mostly to the great ecclesiastical controversy of the time.—R. M., A.
* EUGENIE, Countess of Théba, Empress of the French, is the younger of the two daughters of the count de Montijo, a Spanish grandee of the first class. Her mother. Donna Maria Manuela, countess de Montijo, is a daughter of a cadet of the Scottish house of Kirkpatrick of Closeburn, who settled as British consul at Malaga, towards the close of the last century. She was born in May, 1826, and received her early education at Clifton, near Bristol. Her elder sister married the duke of Berwick and Alba, a lineal illegitimate descendant of King James II. In January, 1853, she was married at Notre Dame to the Emperor Louis Napoleon, and presented to the French nation an enfant de France, in the early part of 1856, just as the Russian war was completed. The empress publicly visited England in company with the emperor in 1853, and was most cordially received. She also fulfilled the duties of regent during the absence of the emperor with his army in Italy, for some months in the early part of the year 1859. The rise of the empress is the more remarkable from the fact that the Kirkpatricks are fallen from their ancient grandeur in Scotland. "Until within the last two years," states Sir B. Burke in his Vicissitudes of Noble Families (1859), "a Miss Kirkpatrick, grand-aunt of the empress inhabited a very small house in the third-rate country town of Dumfries. Her imperial majesty has still some first cousins of the name of Kirkpatrick, sons of her mother's sister, holding respectable mercantile situations. One of them was not long ago settled in trade at Havre."—E. W.
EUGENIUS. See Arbogastes.
EUGENIUS, Bishop of Carthage, was raised to that see in 480. In 484, on account of his incorrigible orthodoxy, he was transported by Hunneric to the deserts of Tripoli. Reinstated in his bishopric for eight years by Gundamund, he was arrested, tried, and condemned to death by Thrasimund. The sentence having been commuted into banishment, he was transported to Vienne in Languedoc, where he founded a monastery. This learned prelate gives his name to a confession of faith drawn up in accordance with the doctrines of the council of Nicæa, and presented, on the part of the persecuted African prelates, to Hunneric. He died in 505.—J. S., G.
EUGENIUS, the name of four popes—
Eugenius I., a Roman by birth, was elected pope by the clergy and people after the forcible deposition of Martin I by the Emperor Constans in 655. The monothelite controversy was raging at the time, and the most notable public act recorded of Eugenius is his condemnation of the profession of faith put forth by Peter, patriarch of Constantinople, in which monothelitism was, by implication, admitted. Eugenius died in 658.
Eugenius II., a Roman by birth, succeeded Paschal in the year 824. The Romans elected an antipope, Zinzinus, who was, however, speedily put down by Lothaire, son of Louis le Debonnaire, who visited Rome in order to quiet the disturbance. In a council held at Paris in 825, a decree was passed against the worship of images, but Eugenius refused to sanction it. He died in 827.
Eugenius III. was elected pope on the death of Lucius II. in 1145. He had been a monk of Clairvaux under St. Bernard, whose remarkable letters to him upon the occasion of his elevation, and after it, are worth consulting. Excited by the eloquent harangues of Arnold of Brescia, who denounced the temporal sovereignty of the popes in toto, the Romans compelled Eugenius,
