impartiality in praising; princes like Constantine who were of a different religion from himself. Of his life we know extremely little. He was secretary to the great Constantine; a partisan and protege of that emperor's nephew, Julian the Apostate, whom he accompanied, in the last expedition of his life, into Persia; and he survived to the reign of Valens and Valentinian, to the former of whom he inscribed his book. In writing the history of Rome, he attempted nothing higher than to give a rapid sketch of the principal events. With some chronological errors, and more serious omissions in the case of facts derogatory to the fame of Rome, he is on the whole a careful writer. His style is clear and pure, simple and unaffected. For ages, indeed almost down to our time, it was one of the most popular of schoolbooks.—G. R. L.
EUTYCHES, the celebrated heresiarch, was born at Constantinople towards the end of the fourth century. In his youth he embraced the monastic life, and being distinguished by his piety and the purity of his morals, he was made abbot of a religious house near to that capital. In his anxiety to combat the heresy of Nestorius, he became himself heretical. The principal dogma of Nestorianism was the existence of two persons in our Lord Jesus Christ. Eutyches rejected the doctrine of the two natures recognized by the catholic church. His monks eagerly adopted his opinions. The eunuch Chrysaphius, who was minister of the Emperor Theodosius II., and the Empress Eudoxia Athenais, declared themselves his partisans. Their example found numerous imitators. Eusebius of Dorylæum, and Flavian the patriarch of Constantinople, endeavoured in vain to bring Eutyches back to the orthodox faith. He persisted in his error, and the patriarch consequently brought him before a council, which met in the capital of the Eastern empire. Eutyches was condemned and excommunicated. Theodosius, excited by his minister, persecuted the members of the council which had pronounced this judgment, and summoned a new council at Ephesus, which absolved Eutyches, and anathematized Flavian, who was treated with such cruelty that he died of his wounds three days afterwards. This is the council which historians have called "The brigandage of Ephesus." Vainly did the pope, St. Leo, entreat the emperor to convoke a third council in Italy. Theodosius refused, but Eutyches did not long enjoy his triumph. Theodosius died. Marcian, his successor, in concert with St. Leo, summoned the general council of Chalcedon, when the anathema against Eutyches was confirmed, and he expired of chagrin about the year 454.—T. J.
EUTYCHIUS, a christian writer of the ninth century, was born at Cairo in 876. He belonged to the sect of the Melchites, and after practising for some years as a physician, turned his attention to divinity, and eventually, in 933, became patriarch of Alexandria, and died in 940. He wrote annals which comprised the history of the world from the creation till a.d. 900. The work was published entire by Pocock in Arabic and Latin in 1659; a small part of it having been some time previously edited by Selden. Eutychius was also the author of a book "De Rebus Siciliæ," and of some other pieces.—R. M., A.
EVAGORAS, a native of Salamis in Cyprus, claimed to be descended from the royal house of Teucer. At his birth the throne of Salamis was occupied by a Phœnician, who reigned tranquilly many years. At length he fell a victim to a conspiracy organized by a Cypriot noble, who, to strengthen his position, immediately endeavoured to get the young Evagoras into his power. Evagoras fled to Soli in Cilicia, and having collected there a band of fifty resolute men, he returned to Salamis, and defeated and killed the usurper. He now became king of Salamis, remaining, however, tributary to Persia. Conon, the Athenian general, aided him to subdue some of the neighbouring cities, and was in return received and sheltered by Evagoras in 405 b.c., after the disastrous rout of Ægospotami. The able tyrant of Salamis was greatly respected by the Persian government, and was placed for some years in command of the Persian fleet. In 386 occurred the peace of Antalcidas, which reserved Cyprus alone among the islands to Persia. In 382 a dispute arose between Evagoras and the Persian king, which led at last to open war. Assisted by Acoris, king of Egypt, Evagoras boldly opened the campaign, and obtained at first considerable successes, ravaging part of Phœnicia, and taking Tyre by storm. But an overwhelming force was brought against him, and he was blockaded in Salamis. Yet, owing to dissension among the Persian generals, he obtained easy terms, being allowed to retain Salamis, with the title of king. His death took place in 374 b.c. Isocrates pronounced his funeral oration.—T. A.
EVAGRIUS, surnamed Ponticus, born in 345, was made reader to the church of Cesarea by St. Basil, and ordained by Gregory Nazianzen. He was for some time in Constantinople, but he left it and went to Nitria, where he led a monastic life, and died in 399. Ecclesiastical writers speak of the works of Evagrius with commendation; but several of these have been lost entirely, and of the others fragments only are extant. The principal of those which have been preserved are—"The Monk," and "The Gnostic;" the former being a treatise on an active life; and the latter, a treatise on a contemplative life.—J. B. J.
EVAGRIUS, surnamed Scholasticus, from his careful training in grammatical and rhetorical studies, was a native of Epiphania in Cœlesyria, where he was born in 536. Having chosen the profession of law, he settled in Antioch as an advocate, and acted for some time as secretary and legal adviser to Gregory, bishop of that city. He was afterwards appointed quæstor of the city by the Emperor Tiberius Constantinus, and prefect by the Emperor Mauricius. The piety of his early christian education inclined him to ecclesiastical studies, while his secular training and profession disposed him to mingle with the history of the church too much of the element of worldly affairs. His "Ecclesiastical History," in six books, is an orthodox continuation of the heterodox history of Theodoret, and is highly valued by church historians. It begins with an account of the Nestorian controversy and the synod of Ephesus in 431, and ends with the death of the author's patron and friend, Gregory of Antioch, in 593. The work is valuable for its notices of political as well as of ecclesiastical history, but this feature of it has been censured as inappropriate to a history of the church. Valesius, the learned editor of Evagrius, remarks, "Illud in eo reprehensionem meretur quod non tantam diligentiam adhibuit in conquirendis antiquitatis ecclesiasticæ monumentis, quam in legendis profanis scriptoribus." Evagrius is also open occasionally to the more serious censure of superstitious credulity. Casaubon characterizes him as "scriptor a fabulosis narrationibus, ut res arguit, non nimis alienus;" and Cave says of him more plainly, "In pluribus factis recensendis nimis credulum et in fabulas proniorem." The first edition of his history was published by Robert Stephens, Paris, 1544, fol. The best edition is that of Valesius, 1673, fol., with notes and corrections of the text of Stephens.—P. L.
EVAGRIUS, Patriarch of Antioch, was elected to that dignity in 388 in place of Paulinus. He translated into Latin a life of Saint Anthony by St. Athanasius, printed at Milan in 1474. He died in 392.—T. J.
EVALD, Johanes, the celebrated Danish poet, was born 18th November, 1743, at Copenhagen, where his father Enevald was well known as the author of a concordance to the Bible, minister, and director of the Orphans' house. He was a religions man; and when near his death, fearing the influences of the capital on his son, then only in his eleventh year, sent him to Schleswig to the care of Rector Licht. Here, however, amongst other literature, he met with Tom Jones and Robinson Crusoe, which produced a great effect upon him. By the first his moral nature received its earliest, deadly blow; and the second so seized upon his imagination that he ran away, intending to go to Holland, and sailing thence, to find some desolate island where he might lead a similar life. But the rector overtook him upwards of twenty miles from home, and bringing him back, destroyed his romantic project. At fifteen he entered the university of Copenhagen, living at the house of his stepfather—for his mother had married a second time—and at the age of sixteen conceived a violent, passion for a young girl whom he called Arendse, which gave a colouring to his whole life. This affair of the heart, awakening, like a second Robinson Crusoe, a passion for adventure, he again ran away, determining to win fame and fortune by joining the army of Frederick the Great—then engaged in the Seven Years' war. By the Prussian agent he was promised a position in a hussar regiment; but, finding himself in reality only placed in a foot regiment, he deserted to the Austrian army, where he could obtain no better post than that of drummer, and afterwards of non-commissioned officer. In this capacity he saw some hard service, and was in one or more battles, but, not being willing to take the catholic oaths, could not obtain any higher rank. His family at length, after two years' absence, learning where he was, bought him off, and he
