continent, and paid a visit to England. In 1838 he accepted a chair of theology at Tübingen, which he resigned in 1848 on being invited to resume his professorship at Göttingen. He received a patent of nobility from the king of Wurtemberg in 1841. His principal works are—the "Kritische Grammatik der hebr. Sprache," 1827, extended in successive editions; "Hohe Lied Salomo's;" "Commentarius in Apocalypsin;" "Arabic Grammar;" "Poetical Books of the Old Testament;" "The Prophets of the Old Testament;" "History of the People of Israel to the Coming of Christ;" and "The First Three Evangelists." Ewald has edited since 1849 the Jahrbücher der biblischen Wissenschaften.—J. S., G.
EWALD, Johann Ludwig, a German theologian, born at Dreieichenhain in the electorate of Hesse, in 1747. On his quitting the university of Marburg, where he was educated for the church, he became tutor to the young princes of Hesse; but he soon engaged in the work of the ministry at Offenbach, and expounding rationalism from the pulpit, became exceedingly popular. A few years afterwards he adopted evangelical principles; and propounding these with the same zeal as he had formerly urged those of the rationalists, he had to escape popular opprobrium by removing to Detmold. In 1796 he took up his residence at Bremen, and there founded a seminary, into which he introduced the methods of teaching adopted by Pestalozzi and Fellenberg. After occupying for some time a chair in the university of Heidelberg, he accepted the post of consistorial counsellor at Carlsruhe, where he died in 1822. He left a considerable number of works, chiefly didactic.—J. S., G.
EWART, William, who for many years represented the Dumfriesshire burghs in parliament, was the second son of an extensive merchant in Liverpool, where he was born in 1798. Receiving his earlier education at Eton, he proceeded to Christ Church, Oxford, where in 1819 he gained the university prize for English verse, and took his B.A. degree in 1821. Mr. Ewart was called to the bar at the middle temple in the January of 1827, but never followed out the business of his profession. In 1828 he was returned to the house of commons as member for Bletchingley, which, in 1830, he exchanged for the representation of Liverpool. Member for Liverpool until 1837, he sat for Wigan from 1839 till 1841, when he was returned for the Dumfries burghs, which he represented to the close of his public life. Mr. Ewart's politics were those of an advanced reformer; but he was less distinguished as a politician, pure and simple, than as a promoter of social improvement, and an ameliorator of the criminal code and criminal procedure in general. He was instrumental in procuring the abolition of capital punishment in cases of cattle-stealing, sacrilege, &c., in 1833; and in the same year he introduced into parliament the measure known as the prisoners' counsel act. He long and ably advocated the total abolition of capital punishments; but the chief monument of his legislative industry is the free public libraries act of 1850, which is in extensive and useful operation. In 1829 he married his cousin, since deceased, Mary Ann, daughter of G. A. Lee, Esq., of Manchester. He died in 1868.—F. E.
EWING, Greville, one of the founders of independency in Scotland, was born in Edinburgh, April 27, 1767. He studied for the ministry at the Edinburgh university; was licensed in 1792; and became assistant-minister of Lady Glenorchy's church, Edinburgh, in the beginning of the following year. In 1798 he seceded from the established church, and ultimately settled as an independent minister in Glasgow, where he also acted as one of the theological professors of that body. He died, August 1, 1841. Besides some theological works he published a Greek and English lexicon, which, though now superseded by later works, was once without a rival.—W. L. A.
EXELMANS, Remy-Joseph-Isidore, Comte, marshal of France, was born in 1775, and died in 1852. He was educated for the profession of arms, distinguished himself by his bravery at the passage of the Adda, and at other places, during the war in Italy at the end of the last century. He afterwards served under Murat, and was once warmly praised by Napoleon, when he presented to the emperor some colours taken from the enemy. Exelmans shared the difficulties of the Russian campaign, and was made a baron of the empire and general of division. His honours were confirmed to him by the first restoration; but a letter which he had written to Murat, expressing his delight that his old master was still able to keep his seat on the Neapolitan throne, having been intercepted, he was ordered instantly to leave Paris. Exelmans refused, and only fled when he found his house surrounded by an armed force. He was afterwards tried before a council of war and acquitted. On the reappearance of Napoleon, Exelmans manifested the greatest joy. He immediately put himself under the ex-emperor's orders, and commanded the twelfth cavalry corps of reserve at Waterloo. He was proscribed at the second restoration, but was recalled in 1819, and after the revolution of 1830 entered the chamber of peers. He died of a fall from his horse.—R. M., A.
EXIMENO, Antonio, a learned Spanish jesuit, born at Valencia in 1729, remarkable as having embraced a wider range of studies than the majority of ecclesiastics of his day. In 1734 he was appointed teacher of mathematics in the royal school at Segovia, and published a military history of Spain and a manual of artillery. On the expulsion of the jesuits in 1767, or shortly after, he retired to Rome, and published a treatise in Italian "Of the Origin and Rules of Music, with a history of its progress, decadence, and renaissance." At the age of more than seventy we find him occupied with the literary problem which then engaged so many minds, the historical character of Don Quixote, or rather the character which Cervantes intended his hero to maintain. In a work entitled "The Apology of Miguel de Cervantes," Madrid, 1806, he explains, with more ingenuity than success, some of the anachronisms and inconsistencies of this masterpiece of fiction, and endeavours to give a chronological plan of the work. He died at Rome in 1809.—F. M. W.
EXMOUTH, Edward Pellew, Viscount, an eminent naval commander, was born on the 19th of April, 1757, at Dover, the son of a Cornish gentleman. He entered the navy before he was fourteen, and first distinguished himself in the Carlton schooner at the battle on Lake Champlain on the 11th October, 1776. A lieutenant in 1779, he was made a post-captain in 1782, and was flag-captain to Vice-admiral Millbank, off the coast of Newfoundland, when the French revolution broke out. In the war which followed, Captain Pellew was employed near home, protecting our own coasts, and threatening those of France; and, in a number of engagements, he proved himself worthy of the service of Nelson and Collingwood. His humanity was equal to his courage and skill. None of his naval feats were more admirable than his preservation of the lives of the crew of the Dutton. East Indiaman, driven on shore near Plymouth at the commencement of 1796. When all others refused to take a rope on board of her, Pellew himself performed the operation at the hazard of his life, and was the last person to quit the vessel which, when he had left it, went to pieces. A month or two afterwards, he was created a baronet. In 1802 he was returned as member for Barnstaple to the house of commons, where he had the satisfaction of being enabled to speak warmly in defence of Lord St. Vincent. He resigned his seat in 1804, when appointed naval commander-in-chief in the East Indies. On being appointed, in 1808, vice-admiral of the blue, he returned home, and was employed successively in the blockade of Flushing, and then as commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean. In 1814 his long and eminent services were rewarded by a peerage. The new Baron Exmouth at the same time received a pension of £2000 per annum, and was promoted to the full rank of admiral. On the return of Napoleon from Elba, Lord Exmouth proceeded to his command in the Mediterranean, where, among other achievements, he concluded treaties with Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, for the abolition of christian slavery. When it was found, after the general restoration of peace to Europe, that these treaties were shamelessly infringed. Lord Exmouth was sent to chastise the dey of Algiers; and the result was the battle of Algiers, 26th August, 1816—one of the most brilliant naval achievements on record. Lord Exmouth was wounded in the engagement, and his coat was cut to pieces by grape and musket-balls. On his return to England he was thanked by both houses of parliament, and created a viscount. He was subsequently appointed to the chief command at Plymouth, but retired in 1821, and died full of years and honours at Teignmouth, on the 6th of February, 1833.—F. E.
EXPERIENS. See Callimachus.
EXPILLY, Claude, a French counsellor and president of the parliament of Grenoble, was born in 1561. He studied first at Paris, and then at Turin and Padua. He received the degree of doctor of law from the university of Bourges, and settled at Grenoble in 1583. He took part in the war of the league
