friends. On his return to Paris, his knowledge of architecture led him from one important office to another, and in 1666 we find him historiographe des bâtiments, in 1671 secretaire de l'Academie d'Architecture, and in 1673 garde du cabinet des antiques. Felibien's works were greatly admired for the clearness and vivacity of his style. Besides what may be called his professional writings on architecture and art, he published several poems. Works of his remain still in manuscript in the imperial library, some of which are announced as about to appear under the editorship of M. A. de Montaiglon.—J. A., D.
FELIBIEN, Jacques, brother of the preceding, a French Roman catholic theologian, was born at Chartres in 1636, and died there in 1716. When only in deacon's orders he was appointed to deliver lectures on the holy scriptures in the seminary of his native town. In 1695 he was promoted to be archdeacon of Vendome, where he died. He wrote "Instructions morales en forme de Catechisme sur les Commandments de Dieu, tirées de l'Écriture;" "Le Symbole des Apôtres expliqué par l'Écriture Sainte;" "Commentarium in Oseam," and "Pentateuchus Historicus," &c.—R. M., A.
FELIBIEN, Jean François, son of André Felibien, born about 1658; died in 1733. His father's reputation secured to him early employment and distinction. He published several works on architecture, which, however, seem to have had but a temporary success.—J. A., D.
FELIBIEN, Michel, son of André Felibien, born at Chartres in 1666; died in 1719. He studied at Paris at the college des Bons Enfans, and became a benedictine. He published "The History of the Abbaye Royale of St. Denis in France," and commenced a history of Paris, which was continued and completed by Lobineau.—J. A., D.
FELICE, Fortunato Bartolomeo, born at Rome on the 24th of April, 1723. He was educated in the college of the jesuits, and so rapid was his progress that, at the age of twenty-three, his superior appointed him to the chair of philosophy and mathematics. Besides many translations of scientific works in Latin, remarkable for their elegance and clearness of style, this indefatigable writer has left an "Encyclopædia," the fruit of nine years of uninterrupted study and research. Felice died 7th February, 1789.—A. C. M.
FELICIANO, Felice, better known by the name of "L'Antiquario," a native of Verona, according to Tiraboschi; or of Reggio, according to Muratori; and born at the commencement of the fifteenth century. The results of his long voyages in search of antiquities, and his collections of medals and inscriptions, became the property of his collaborators Ferrarine, Marcanuova, and Bologni, who reaped the whole honour of his long labours. He left a volume of Latin epigrams, as well as a manuscript copy of rhymes, mentioned by Maffei in his work, Verona Illustrata. The date of this author's death is unknown; but, according to Sabadino, it was certainly anterior to 1483.—A. C. M.
FELICIANO, Giovanni Bernardino, a celebrated Venetian scholar, was born about 1490, and died about the middle of the following century. He taught rhetoric in his native place, and is said to have made his scholars declaim publicly on questions of politics and government. He was very learned in the ancient languages, and translated many of the classics. He wrote also on medicine and theology. We may note his "Explanatio veterum S.S. Patrum Græcorum, seu Catena in Acta Apost. et epistolas ab Œcumenio," 1552.—R. M., A.
FELINKSKI, Aloïs, a Polish author, was born in 1771 and died in 1820. He happened to be residing at Warsaw at the time of the famous constituent diet (1788-1792), and wrote several works in advocacy of political reform. In 1794 he fought for the defence of the capital of his country, and acted at the same time in the capacity of secretary to Kosciusko. He died soon after he had been made professor of Polish literature and director of the school of Krzemienietz. Felinkski translated a good deal from the more eminent French poets.—R. M., A.
FELIX, Bishop of Urgellis (Urgel) in Catalonia, is known as the leader in what is termed the Adoptian controversy. The year of his birth is unknown. It was towards the middle of the eighth century. Whether the theory of adoptianism arose from Felix's acquaintance with the writings of Theodore of Antioch, along with a desire to give such a representation of Christ's person as might remove a stumbling-block out of the way of the Mohammedans, is not very clear. His assertion, which constituted the heresy termed Adoptianism was, that Christ was the proper Son of God, according to his divine nature; but the adoptive Son of God, according to his humanity. Thus he opposed the interchange of the predicates belonging to the two natures, wishing the distinction to be strictly determined with which they should be applied to his Godhead and Manhood respectively. Felix was soon accused of reviving the error of Nestorius, and a fierce controversy began on the subject in Spain, which soon extended to France. At a council convened at Ratisbon by Charlemagne, his doctrine was condemned, and he was summoned to retract. This he did, and repeated his recantation soon after at Rome to Pope Hadrian. But, on returning to Spain, he repented, and fled into the territory belonging to the Saracens. At Frankfort-on-the-Maine, a new council under Charlemagne decided against adoptianism. In reply to a letter of Alcuin's, Felix defended his doctrine at length in a particular treatise. This was answered by Alcuin and three other Frankish bishops. The emperor afterwards sent a deputation into Spain to oppose the adoptian party, and confer with Felix himself. Induced by their promise, he appeared before the synod of Aix-la-Chapelle in 799; where, after several days' discussion with Alcuin, he declared himself convinced, and retracted his doctrine. His sincerity, however, was doubted, and he was committed to the charge of Leidrad, archbishop of Lyons, where he spent the remainder of his days, dying in 816. After his death a paper was found, containing questions and answers, showing that he had never changed the fundamental doctrine of his christology. Felix was an able theologian, of unsullied life, mild temper, and christian character.—S. D.
FELIX, St., sixteenth bishop of Nantes, was born of an illustrious family of Aquitania, probably at Bourges, about 512, and died about 583. He succeeded Eumerius in the bishopric of Nantes in 549. This position, which in the then fermenting state of the country was one of peculiar difficulty, tasked to the utmost his bold and politic character. He found himself in the midst of a restless people, of savage and revengeful lords and ambitious princes, and seems to have encountered their opposition, and mingled in their quarrels, with more of their own untamed vigour than of evangelic mildness and charity. He was a great promoter of works of public utility, and amid his stormy passages with the laity had the happiness of consecrating the cathedral at Nantes, begun by his predecessor.—R. M., A.
FELIX, St., Bishop of Ravenna, died in that town in 716. After becoming bishop, he began inciting the people of Ravenna to throw off the yoke of the emperor, Justinian II., who hearing of his intrigues, sent one of his generals against him. He was carried to Constantinople, and was punished with the loss of his sight and with exile. The successor of Justinian II., however, restored him to his bishopric, after which he contented himself with minding his own business.—R. M., A.
FELIX, the name of three popes and an anti-pope.
Felix I., a Roman, succeeded Dionysius in the year 270 or 272. But little is known about him; even the duration of his pontificate is variously given, one author estimating it at five years, another at three, another at two. He is said to have authorized the annual celebration of mass at the shrines or "memories" of the martyrs. He is himself spoken of as a martyr, but we have no particulars of his death.
Felix II., a Roman, said to have been the great-grandfather of Pope Gregory the Great, succeeded Simplicius in the year 483. His election was partly brought about by the interference of the prefect, Basilius, acting on behalf of Odoacer, the barbarian king of Italy. Felix unhesitatingly repudiated the Henoticon, or deed of union, published by Zeno the Eastern emperor in 482, by which, with the view of uniting the monophysites with the catholics, the decree of the council of Chalcedon touching the two natures of Christ had been tacitly set aside. In a synod of seventy bishops, held in 484, the pope passed sentence of deposition against Acacius, patriarch of Constantinople, the chief promoter of the scandalous confusions existing in the Eastern church; and anathematized Peter Mongus and Peter the Tanner, the intruded patriarchs at Alexandria and Antioch. Acacius was supported by the emperor and by many of his brother bishops, and a schism between East and West (the first on record) thus arose, which lasted for thirty-four years. In a decretal letter addressed to all bishops, especially to those of Africa, Felix defined the terms of penance to be imposed on those who had suffered themselves to be rebaptized by the Arians during the persecution of Hunneric. He died in 492.
