of the Russian-Chinese territory—the only one of his race, probably, who acquired celebrity as an artist. This he owed to having been, in 1770, seized by the Russians and carried to St. Petersburg, where the Empress Catherine interested herself in his favour, and had him baptized in the name by which he is known. After initiatory instruction in the school of Carlsruhe, under the patronage of the princess Amelia of Baden, he was sent to Rome, where he studied seven years, developing a singularly varied range of artistic talent. His skill in drawing from the antique led to his being engaged, in 1800, to proceed to Athens as draughtsman to Lord Elgin, who employed him in making drawings from the sculpture in that city. He was thus occupied during three years, and in Lord Elgin's Memorandum on his Pursuits in Greece, published in 1811, it is said that in the finished drawings made by the architects "of the plans, elevations, and details of the most remarkable objects in Athens, the Kalmuck has restored and inserted all the sculpture with exquisite taste and ability. He has besides drawn with astonishing accuracy all the bas-reliefs on the several temples, in the precise state of decay and mutilation in which they at present exist." On the removal of the Parthenon marbles, Feodor accompanied them to London, in order to superintend the execution of the projected series of engravings from them. When that design was abandoned, Feodor returned to Carlsruhe, where the grand-duke, Karl Friedrich, appointed him his court painter, an office which he retained till his death. He executed several paintings for the protestant churches of the city, his chief work being an altarpiece (completed in 1820) of the "Resurrection of Christ." He also painted some classical and bacchanalian subjects, and executed a few etchings. Feodor was an excellent draftsman, and his original designs exhibited a highly cultivated taste. He is considered to have excelled especially in his heads, which displayed great variety as well as individuality of expression; but his style was hard and academic. His engraving from Daniel de Volterra's Descent from the Cross, and his etchings from the famous Gates of Ghiberti, are the best examples of his management of the basin and needle. He died in 1821.—J. T—e.
FEOPHAN, Archbishop of Novgorod, was born in 1681. His talents were recognized in early youth by his uncle, a professor at the high school of Kiew, where the young man finished his studies. He travelled in western Europe, took in 1705 the monastic vows, and was appointed professor. In 1706 he attracted the attention of Czar Peter, and became one of those statesmen who assisted the czar in carrying out his schemes of enlightened despotism and bureaucratic civilization. Feophan was successively raised to the dignity of abbot of Bratskoi, bishop of Pleskow and Narva in 1718, and archbishop of Novgorod in 1720, and supported the plans of Peter for restricting the influence of the priesthood; he even published a treatise on the dangers of the extension of priestly authority both to the state and to religion. Feophan reformed public instruction in Russia; he built and endowed a seminary for priests at Novgorod, to which he presented a valuable library. Having crowned in 1724 the Czarina Catherine I., in 1728 Czar Peter II., and in 1730 the Czarina Anne, he died in 1736. His works are voluminous; he advocates the protestant views of salvation by faith.—F. P., L.
FERABOSCO. See Forabosco.
FERABOSCO, Alfonso, a celebrated musician, born of Italian parents at Greenwich, about 1560. He is ranked among the most eminent composers of Elizabeth's reign. Morley says that he had "a virtuous contention" with William Bryd, in making "various ways of plain-song upon a miserere." And Peacham speaks of another trial between the same parties, which should set the words of a certain ditty, "The Nightingale so pleasant and so gay," in which Ferabosco succeeded so well, that, in the judgment of Peacham, "his composition cannot be bettered for sweetness of air and depth of judgment." This madrigal, which deserves all praise, is printed in the first book of the Musica Transalpina, 1588. More than fifty of Ferabosco's madrigals are preserved in MS.—E. F. R.
FERABOSCO, Alfonso, also a distinguished musician, was the son of the preceding. He is deserving of especial notice as the composer of the music to many of Ben Jonson's masques. He published a work, with the simple title, "Ayres, by Alfonso Ferabosco," 1609; and, in the same year, a volume of "Lessons for Viols." Both works are remarkable for copies of verses "to his excellent friend," by Ben Jonson.—E. F. R.
FERBER, Johan Jacob, a celebrated Swedish mineralogist was born at Karlskrona in 1743, and died in 1790. Ferber pursued his studies at Upsal under Wallerius, Kronstedt, and Linnæus. He was also taught mathematics and astronomy by Mallet, with whom he for some time resided. Repairing to Stockholm in 1763, he obtained an appointment in the college of mines, and soon after visited the principal mining districts of Sweden. In 1765 he set out on his travels, and spent nine years in wandering from country to country in quest of scientific knowledge. He visited the mines of Germany, Hungary, France, Holland, England, and Italy. His letters written from Italy on the natural curiosities of that country, are especially interesting. Ferber returned to his native country in 1774, and was afterwards appointed by the duke of Courland professor of experimental philosophy and natural history in the high school of Mittau. He accepted an invitation from the Czarina in 1783, and three years afterwards placed his services at the disposal of the court of Prussia. While on a tour, he was seized with apoplexy at Berne, and died 12th April, 1790. He was buried by the side of the famous Haller. Ferber was an indefatigable worker and an able mineralogist, and published voluminously on his favourite subject.—R. M., A.
FERCHAULT DE REAUMUR. See Reaumur.
FERDINAND, the name of a great number of sovereigns, kings, emperors, dukes, &c., noticed alphabetically in the order of their respective countries:—
FERDINANDS OF GERMANY AND AUSTRIA.
Ferdinand I., Archduke of Austria, emperor of Germany, the second son of Philip of Austria, was born at Alcala in Spain in 1503. Though he remained under the control of Cardinal Ximenez, it was the Emperor Maximilian who shaped beforehand the destinies of Ferdinand's life. The policy of aggrandizement by the marriage of heiresses had never been pursued more successfully than by that shrewd emperor, who through his two wives, Mary of Burgundy and Blanche of Milan, had won the two richest duchies of Europe; and by the marriage of his son Philip to the weak-minded heiress of the Spanish throne, had secured to his house the greatest inheritance on record. Encouraged by such success, he sought to gain the crowns of Bohemia and Hungary for his second grandson. Accordingly, in 1506 he concluded a "family pact" with Vladislas II., king of Hungary and Bohemia, by which the Archduke Ferdinand was engaged to marry the Princess Ann, daughter of the king, and the Princess Mary of Austria was betrothed to the yet unborn son of Vladislas. At the death of the Emperor Maximilian in January, 1519, Austria rose in revolt. Charles V., just elevated to the German empire, soon saw therefore that his dreams of a universal monarchy could not be fulfilled, and that his possessions were even then too extensive to be kept in allegiance by one hand. Accordingly, in 1821, he ceded the German provinces to Ferdinand. The young prince solemnized in the same year his own marriage with the princess of Hungary, and that of his sister, Princess Mary, with the boy-king Louis of Hungary and Bohemia. The premature death of this king without issue, in 1526, brought the crowns of Bohemia and Hungary within the reach of Ferdinand, who by a bold policy might at once have secured them. Ferdinand, however, preferred slow, tortuous diplomacy to bold deeds of arms. He therefore cautiously presented his claims to the crown of Bohemia to the estates assembled in diet at Prague, who, having received satisfactory assurances about religious toleration, elected him to the throne; but in Hungary all the intrigues of the widow queen could not prevent the election of John Zapolya, who, having an army at his command, was thought to be able to defend the country. One month later, in December, 1526, the partisans of Ferdinand elected him king of Hungary. John had, however, obtained a fair start; he refused to give up his rights; a civil war became inevitable; and King John had ample time to seek and obtain the protection of the sultan. The war was protracted for many years without leading to any decisive result. The Turks alone profited by the dissensions, until the exhaustion of both factions led to negotiations, and to peace in 1538, by which the regal titles of both belligerents were acknowledged; but the country was weakened by a complete division, one half being left to Ferdinand, the other half to John, to revert at his death to Ferdinand. But when John died, in 1540, leaving an infant son, the guardians refused to give up the country, for fear of the sultan, who found it his interest to
