edition of Vico, comprising a dissertation upon his philosophy, which was reprinted in 1853. In 1837 Ferarri settled in France, where he published his work entitled "Vico and Italy," and became a contributor to the Revue des Deux Mondes. In 1840 he was appointed to a chair of philosophy at Rochefort, whence he removed to Strasburg in the following year. In both of these towns, and subsequently at Bourges, he provoked the wrath of the ultramontane journals by prelections on ancient philosophy savouring of modern scepticism. His most important work, "Essai sur le principe et les limites de la Philosophie de l'Histoire," appeared in 1847.—J. S., G.
FERARRI, Ludovico, born at Bologna in 1522. He studied at Milan under Cardano, and soon became distinguished in mathematics, architecture, and geography, as well as in Latin and Greek literature. He was employed by Ferrante Gonzaga, then governor of Milan, in taking a census of all the lands in the state. In 1564 he returned to Bologna, and was appointed to the chair of mathematics; but he died in the following year. He first discovered the solution of the equations of the fourth degree, which was the highest point reached by the science of that age.—A. S., O.
FERRARI, Ottaviano, born at Milan in 1518. He taught philosophy at Padua, and enjoyed the reputation of an accomplished Latin scholar. He wrote a most learned treatise, "De antiquitatibus Romanorum;" a dissertation, "De Disciplina encyclopedica," and notes on Aristotle. Moreri relates that he spent most of his time writing and studying. All his works bear the stamp of a meditative mind, and are highly commended for their purity of language and elegance of style. Tiraboschi fixes this author's death in 1586.—A. C. M.
FERRARI, Ottavio, born at Milan in 1607. Having been presented to Cardinal Federico Borromeo by his uncle, Francesco Bernardo Ferrari, he was encouraged by that protector of learning to undertake the study of archæology. At twenty-two years of age he was elected professor of philosophy in the Ambrosian college, and so great was his reputation for learning that in the year 1634 the university of Padua called him to the chairs of philosophy and Greek literature. However, Tiraboschi states that this author's renown must be attributed rather to the bad taste then predominant, than to his intrinsic merit; whilst, on the other hand, Argellati records that Maria Christina of Sweden and Louis XIV., both esteemed good judges in literary matters, munificently rewarded him for orations written in their praise. The city of Milan elected Ferrari its historiographer, and he left seven books of a history of Milan, which he interrupted, fearing to give offence to the house of Austria. His principal works are—"Origines linguæ Italicæ;" "Gymnasia sacra," &c. He died at Padua, March 16, 1682.—A. C. M.
FERRARIS, Joseph, Count de, born at Luneville in 1726, held a situation in the household of the empress-dowager Amelia, when the death of Charles VI. commenced the troubles of his daughter, Maria Theresa. Having obtained a commission in her army, Ferraris soon attracted notice by his bravery; and his subsequent services in the Seven Years' war, particularly at the battle of Hohenkirchen, were rewarded with the order of Maria Theresa. He continued in active service till 1793, having been intrusted with the training of the young archduke, Maximilian; and died in 1814 a privy-councillor and a marshal of the empire.—W. B.
FERRARS, George, a famous lawyer, courtier, historian, and poet of the sixteenth century. He was born of an ancient family, in a village near St. Albans, about 1512. Having graduated at Oxford, and entered as a student of Lincoln's Inn, he was called to the bar, and soon became known in Westminster hall as an able advocate. He was indebted for his first advancement to Thomas Cromwell, earl of Essex, who, captivated by his wit and gentlemanly deportment, introduced him to the court of Henry VIII., where he became a general favourite; and the king himself, in 1535, being so satisfied with his good services, both civil and military, made him a large grant of land from his own private estate in Hertfordshire. Ferrars was extravagant in his habits; and, notwithstanding the king's bounty, soon found himself in embarrassed circumstances. In 1542 he sat in the commons' house of parliament as member for Plymouth. During the session he was arrested for debt and lodged in the compter. This circumstance was brought under the notice of the house, and a lawsuit ensued; the issue of which was that Ferrars was released from prison "under privilege of parliament," and the sheriffs of London, as well as the detaining creditor, were thrown into prison for contempt. This lawsuit (noticed in Grafton's Chronicle) settled the "rule of privilege." Ferrars continued to be a great favourite with Henry VIII., and was the constant companion of the young Prince Edward. In the succeeding reign his good fortune at court still continued; for we find him an army commissioner in the expedition of the Protector Somerset to Scotland in the year 1548. Some time afterwards he held a very different office. When Somerset was under sentence of death, and murmurs and discontent began to prevail among the people, it was deemed expedient to do something to lull the populace, and divert the melancholy of the young King Edward. Accordingly Ferrars was appointed lord of misrule, or master of the revels, at a festivity held at Greenwich during twelve days at the commencement of the Christmas holidays. He possessed considerable merit as an author. His "Double translation of Magna Charta from French into Latin and English;" his "Other Laws enacted in the time of Henry III. and Edward I., translated into English;" and his "History of the Reign of Mary," display considerable talent. The last work is inserted in Grafton's Chronicle. His reputation as a poet rests upon some metrical stories which he contributed to the Myrrour for Magistrates. These are—"The Fall of Judge Tresilian;" "The Murder of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester;" "King Richard II.;" "Eleanor Cobham, Duchess of Gloucester;" "Humphrey Plantagenet, Duke of Gloucester;" and "Edmund, Duke of Somerset." He wrote his "History of the Reign of Mary" with much caution, and lauded her personal virtues; while he gives a detailed account of the death of Cranmer, and of the insurrection of Sir Thomas Wyatt. He died at Flamstead in the year 1579, and was buried in the parish church there.—W. A. B.
FERRARS, Henry, born in 1579, was in early life a poet; but became famous for his knowledge of the heraldry, genealogies, and antiquities of his native county. He belonged to a highly respectable family in Warwickshire, was educated at Oxford, and was on intimate terms with Camden. Dugdale was greatly indebted to him in his Antiquities of Warwickshire. After Dugdale's death the collections of Ferrars were secured and deposited in the Ashmolean museum. He died in 1633.—J. L. A.
FERRATO, Sasso. See Salvi.
FERRAUD or FERAUD, Nicolas, born in the Vallée d'Aure in 1764, was elected by the department of the Hautes Pyrénées in 1792 to the national convention, where he became prominent by his knowledge of political economy, and by his devotion to the revolutionary principles. He voted for the execution of Louis XVI., fought under Barras in the assault on the hotel de Ville, and after rendering other services to the Gironde, met a fate similar to that of so many others of his party; having been slain in the emeute of 1795, while resolutely defending Boissy D'Anglas, the president of the convention, against the fury of the mob.—W. B.
FERRÉ, one of the leaders in the revolt of the Jacquerie in France about the middle of the fourteenth century. He possessed indomitable courage united to extraordinary physical strength, which he displayed in the combat with the English at Creil, where he was said to have slain more than forty with his own hand. On a subsequent occasion he rose from a sickbed and drove off a party sent to apprehend him; but the exertion so aggravated his fever that in a few days it ended fatally.—W. B.
FERREIN, Antoine, a French physician, was born at Frespech in 1693, and died in 1769. He was educated by the jesuits, and commenced the study of medicine when twenty-two years old. He taught anatomy at Marseilles. Disappointed in his expectation of obtaining the chair of anatomy at Montpellier, he went to Paris, and soon after was appointed first physician to the French army in Italy. In 1742 he obtained the chair of medicine in the college of France, and was in 1758 named professor of anatomy and surgery at the jardin des plantes.—R. M., A.
FERREIRA, Alexandre Rodrigues, a Portuguese traveller and man of science, was born in 1756; died in 1815. He was selected to explore the geography and natural history of the South American regions, then known as Amazonia; but before his departure, which was delayed for several years, he had rendered good service in the exploration of the mines of Buarcos. It was not till 1783 that he landed in America. Among many other labours he explored the course of the Amazon, the Rio Negro, and other rivers; he also bestowed
