observatory was completed. Thus established in the position which he so much desired, he devoted himself with zeal and assiduity to the discharge of his duties; but having only a salary of £100 per annum, which was often ill paid, and being obliged either to make or to purchase his own instruments, he had recourse to private teaching, as the only way by which he could defray the expenses he had incurred. His early observations were made with a sextant and clocks belonging to Sir Jonas Moore, a few instruments of his own, and others which were lent him by the Royal Society. He had urged the government in vain to furnish him with a mural instrument; and as one of his own construction, which he had erected in 1683, proved a failure, he was left without the means of making a most important class of observations. Having obtained the degree of M.A. from Cambridge in 1674, and taken orders in the following year, the Lord-keeper North presented him with the small living of Burstow in Surrey. In consequence of this addition to his income, and of the death of his father in the same year, he was enabled to procure a new mural quadrant, which he erected in September, 1689, and employed in carrying on those admirable astronomical observations with which his name will for ever be associated. When Sir Isaac Newton was occupied with the lunar theory, he applied to Flamsteed in 1691, and afterwards in 1694, for his observations on the moon. Flamsteed readily granted his request; but in the correspondence which took place between them, differences arose of the most painful kind, the astronomer-royal believing that Newton did not place a sufficient value upon his labours, and that Dr. Halley, against whom he had conceived the most rancorous hostility, was the cause of this, and had taken a part against him. In 1698, when Newton had resumed his inquiry into the lunar irregularities, he again applied to Flamsteed for observations on the moon. Flamsteed readily furnished him with the places of the moon which he required; but having, in a letter to Dr. Wallis, made a reference to Newton's lunar theory, and the assistance which he had given him, and Dr. Wallis having published this reference, Newton took offence "at being publicly brought upon the stage about what, perhaps, will never be fitted for the public." Flamsteed, however, continued to supply him with the observations he required; and in a visit which he paid Newton on the 3rd May, 1700, the subject of printing his astronomical observations was discussed in a friendly manner. Early in 1703 Flamsteed informed his friends that he was ready to publish his observations "at his own charge, provided the public would defray the expense of copying his papers for the press." Having learned this. Sir Isaac wrote to him on the 11th April, 1704, and told him that Prince George would be at the expense of printing them. A regular agreement was entered into, and the work went to press; but Flamsteed, in order to get better terms, delayed the printing of the work, and broke the agreement which he had signed with the prince's referees. A quarrel ensued between him and Newton, of which we cannot here give the details. "Under these circumstances," says Sir David Brewster (Memoirs of the Life, &c. of Sir Isaac Newton, vol. ii., p. 240), "the referees, with the assistance of Dr. Halley as its editor, published in 1812, under the title of 'Historia Cœlestis,' the part of the work which had been executed at the expense of the prince and the government. Of the four hundred copies that were printed, nearly a hundred, including thirty reserved by the treasury, were presented to eminent individuals and public bodies, and the remaining three hundred were given to Flamsteed by Sir Robert Walpole, when first lord of the treasury. Flamsteed committed them to the flames, preserving what is now the first ninety-seven sheets of the 'Historia Cœlestis,' which he left almost ready for publication at the time of his death. The work was published in 1725 by his executors in three volumes folio, and dedicated by them to the king." The existence of the three disputes between Newton and Flamsteed was not known to the public till 1835, when Mr. Francis Baily published an Account of the Life of Flamsteed, compiled from his own manuscripts, and an Autobiography, in which the characters of Newton and Halley are grossly misrepresented, on the authority of statements made by Flamsteed himself. This work, printed at the expense of the admiralty, gave deep offence to the friends of Newton, in reply to whose criticisms Mr. Baily published a supplement in 1837, in which he tells us that he has "sought in vain for documents which might tend either to extenuate or explain the conduct of Newton and Halley" to Flamsteed. Fortunately for the character of these two great men, Sir David Brewster discovered among Sir Isaac Newton's papers a series of letters and other documents, which completely exculpate them from the charges preferred against them by the astronomer-royal, and place the character of their calumniator in a very unfavourable light. A very full account of this, and the other controversies between Flamsteed and Newton, will be found in Sir David Brewster's Memoir of the Life, Writings, and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton, vol. i., preface, p. 11; and vol. ii., pp. 158-81, 202-6, and 219-43. Flamsteed died on the 31st December, 1719, and was succeeded as astronomer-royal by Dr. Halley. See Halley and Newton.—D. B.
* FLANDIN, Charles, was born, March 13, 1803, at Aubues, department of Nièvre. He took the degree of M.D. in 1832, and subsequently has practised as a physician in Paris. Since 1845 he has been a member of the sanatory commission (conseil de salubrité). M. Flandin has published a treatise on arsenic, with instructions for detecting that metal in cases of poisoning, Paris, 1841. With Danger, he has made various experiments on the absorption of arsenious acid, and has shown that it is taken up by the blood, and conveyed to the urine, lungs, liver, kidneys, brain, &c.; and has also described an advantageous method of extracting arsenic from animal matter by carbonization with sulphuric acid, or by nitrate of potash and sulphuric acid. These chemists have also published researches on poisoning by antimony, copper, lead, and mercury.—C. E. L.
* FLANDIN, Eugéne Napoléon, artist, son of a Frenchman in the military service of Murat, then king of Naples, was born at Naples, August 15, 1809. In a great measure self-taught, Flandin first made himself known as a painter by two views in Italy contributed to the Salon in 1836. Next year after a visit to Algeria, he sent a view in Algiers, and in 1838, a painting of the "Storming of Constantine," which gained him a medal of the second class, and the patronage of Louis Philippe. In 1839 he was selected, along with M. P Coste the architect, by the Académie des Beaux Arts, to accompany M. de Sercey in his mission to Persia, in order to investigate its archæological remains. M. Flandin remained in Persia two years, diligently occupied in making drawings of the scenery and antiquities of that country. On his return his notes and drawings were made the subject of a very favourable report by a committee selected from the various sections of the Académie, and their publication being directed by the minister, he devoted the next two years to their preparation. This important work appeared in five volumes, in 1843 and following years; the text in two volumes, octavo, containing a narrative of their proceedings, as well as the whole of the plates of the folio volume, entitled "Perse Moderne," and a large proportion of those in the volumes on ancient Persia, being executed by M. Flandin. Before he had fairly completed this task, M. Flandin was directed to proceed to Khorsabad to make drawings of the antiquities exhumed by M. Botta. Here, despite of enfeebled health, he prosecuted his labours with a degree of energy and intelligence to which M. Botta bears warm testimony. On his return to Paris at the end of 1844, he at once set about the preparation of the magnificent series of drawings of the sculptures and architectural remains of Assyria, which occupied four large folio volumes of M. Botta's Monument de Ninive, 1845-54. M. Flandin published in 1854-56 another folio volume of one hundred and fifty plates, lithographed entirely by himself from his eastern drawings, under the title of "L'Orient." Since then he has occupied himself chiefly as a painter, most of the exhibitions containing some views of the cities and scenery of Turkey and the East painted by him in oil. We ought perhaps to add that, besides the more formal works above noticed, M. Flandin contributed several papers on the discoveries at Nineveh to the Revue des Deux Mondes and other journals.—J. T—e.
FLANDRIN, Jean Hippolyte, a distinguished French historical and portrait painter, was born at Lyons in 1809. A pupil of M. Ingres, he obtained in 1832 the first prize in painting, and proceeded in the regular course to Rome, where he continued his studies under his old master, then at the head of the academy in that city. On his return to France in 1837, and during the following years, M. Flandrin sent to the Salon a succession of paintings from sacred, legendary, classical, and national history, which early secured him the first place among the disciples of Ingres. He also executed many of the more important mural paintings with
