church. His ministrations were peculiarly directed to the conversion of the most debased classes in society, and he was wont to pride himself that usurers and courtesans were numbered among his converts. So fervid was his zeal for the classes whom he particularly addressed, that when in the height of his fame as a preacher, he obtained from Pope Innocent III. a plenary indulgence for those who should marry courtesans. But Foulques is principally known in history as the preacher, under the authority of Pope Innocent III., of the fourth crusade, 1198-1202. In the former year, preaching before Richard the Lion-hearted and his nobles, he counselled the king to discard his three daughters, Pride, Cupidity, and Luxury. Richard replied that he would give his three daughters in marriage—his Pride to the Templars—his Cupidity to the Cistercian Monks, and his Luxury to the Prelates of his churches. In 1201, not long before the conclusion of the crusade which he had so eloquently and intrepidly preached, Foulques died at Neuilly.—R. V. C.
FOULSTON, John, architect, born about 1773. By for the greater part of the public buildings erected in Plymouth and Devonport, till within the last twenty years, were designed and superintended by John Foulston. Of these, the first in size and cost was the royal hotel and theatre—a vast structure, Ionic in style. In 1838 he published a series of one hundred and sixteen lithographic plans and elevations of his principal buildings. Mr. Foulston was an industrious and able man, but he had no original power, and no strong inclination towards any particular style; his buildings being indifferently Greek, Roman, Egyptian, Gothic, and even Mohammedan—the last, oddly enough, being that chosen by him for a christian chapel. He died at Plymouth on the 13th of January, 1842.—J. T—e.
FOUNTAINE, Sir Andrew, an English antiquary, was born about the end of the seventeenth century, and studied at Oxford, where he published, in 1705, in Hickes' Thesaurus, a work entitled "Numismata Anglo-Saxonica et Anglo-Danica breviter illustrata." He received the honour of knighthood from King William, and after having made the tour of Europe, he returned to England, bringing with him a magnificent collection of statues, medals, &c. Fountaine was on terms of intimacy with Swift, who, in the journal addressed to Stella, speaks of him in affectionate terms. The illustrations of the Tale of a Tub were from designs by Fountaine. His knowledge of antiquities was so accurate that it was hardly possible for dealers to impose upon him; but if, as Dr. Warton asserts, Annius in the Dunciad is intended for him, there seems some reason for believing that he did not always scruple to impose upon others. Having been vice-chamberlain to Caroline, princess of Wales—afterwards queen—he was made warden of the mint in 1727. He died in 1753.—J. B. J.
FOUNTAINE, John, sometime a commissioner of the great seal, was born about 1600, the son of a Norfolk gentleman. Admitted a member of Lincoln's inn in 1622, he was called to the bar in 1629, and practised his profession successfully. On the rupture between Charles I. and his parliament, Fountaine espoused the cause of the king, and was imprisoned for his refusal to subscribe to the fund raised by the parliament to carry on the struggle. He was afterwards banished from London, and remained for a time an active adherent of Charles. In 1646, however, he deserted the royalist cause, and published a pamphlet advising the king to make the most extensive concessions. He figures next, in the January of 1652, as one of the commission of persons, not members of parliament, appointed to attempt the reformation of the law, an object zealously pursued in the times of the Commonwealth and the Protectorate. Whatever may have been the political tergiversations of Fountaine—and they were so gross that even in that age he was known, according to Wood, as "Turn-coat Fountaine"—he seems to have always been deemed a sincere and ardent law-reformer, and, indeed, to have provoked hostility in that honourable cause. In the November of 1658 he was made a sergeant-at-law, under Richard Cromwell, and in the June of the following year he was appointed for five months one of the three commissioners of the great seal; the other two being Bradshaw the regicide, and Thomas Tyrrel. Before his tenure of office had expired, he was superseded by the committee of safety, who intrusted the great seal to Whitelock; but was replaced in the January of 1660 (with Widdrington and Tyrrell for his colleagues), when the Long parliament resumed the government. He retained his post until the broad seal of the monarch was restored, and that of the Commonwealth broken into pieces, which were given to himself and his colleagues "for their fees." With the restoration, Fountaine quietly resumed his old royalist politics, was confirmed in his degree of the coif, returned to the practice of his profession, and died in 1671. There are notices of him in Whitelock, Clarendon, Ludlow, and Anthony Wood. Some of Wood's errors have been corrected in the accurate memoir of Fountaine in Mr. Foss' Lives of the Judges.—F. E.
FOUQUÉ (Friedrich Heinrich Karl), Baron de la Motte, a German poet and romancer, was born at Brandenburg, on the 12th February, 1777, and died 23rd January, 1843. His grandfather, Henri August Baron de la Motte Fouqué, the representative of an ancient family of Normandy, which was expatriated at the revocation of the edict of Nantes, played a distinguished part as a soldier in the Seven Years' war; attained the rank of general in the Prussian service; and during the latter years of his life stood high in the favour and confidence of the great Frederick, who was godfather to his grandson. Young Fouqué joined the cuirassiers of the duke of Weimar in 1793, and took part as lieutenant in the campaign of the Rhine. After the peace of Basle he retired into the country and devoted himself to literary pursuits, for which he had shown an early predilection. If we except the year 1813, when he again followed the Prussian army to the Rhenish frontier, and as captain of a troop fought valiantly at Lutzen, Dresden, Culm, and Leipsic, he passed the remaining years of his life in seclusion, residing by turns at Paris, at Halle, on his wife's estate of Rennhausen, near Rathenau, and ultimately at Berlin. He had earned in his last campaign, abruptly terminated at Leipsic by ill-health, the title of major and the decoration of the Prussian order of St. John. Fouqué's earlier productions, in harmony with the tastes of the period, were modelled on the works of the Spanish mediæval romancers and dramatists. He published a translation of the Numancia of Cervantes under the pseudonym of Pellegrin; some poems and dramas in the Spanish style; the novel of "Alwin," and "The history of Ritter Galmy." These, however, complete the list of his efforts in this direction. The next series of his works bore the impress of native influences, the old northern mythology, and the productions of the early German poets. In 1809 he published the poem of "Sigurd der Schlangentödter;" in 1811-15 the four parts of "The Seasons;" in 1814 the epic poem "Corona;" in 1815 "Die Fahrten Thiodolfs," "Der Zauberring," and "Sängers Liebe;" in 1821 "Der Verfolgte," and "Bertrand du Guesclin;" and in 1828 "Der Sängerkrieg." For several years following, Fouqué's pen was comparatively idle. It was another transition period in his history. When he again appeared before his countrymen in the poems "Die Weltreiche," 1835-40, and in his "Zeitung für den deutschen Adel," 1841, it was in the character, not of the laureate of chivalry and gallantry, but in that of a moralist and political partisan—a pietist in matters of religion, a stern feudalist in his politics, and a strange mannerist in his style. His last work, "Abfall und Busse oder der Seelenspiegel," was published after his death in 1844. A selection of his works was published by himself in 12 vols. in 1841. More than any other romancer, Fouqué seems to have brought with him into modern times the manners and the spirit of the troubadours. The various aspects of the age of chivalry reappear in his pages with all the freshness, and all the finer features, with which our imagination invests it. Some of his tales, as the "Minstrel Love," have a southern atmosphere around them; others, as "Thiodolf," breathe more of the bracing air of the north; but there is about them all as much reality of character and feeling as is consistent with their unreal and, sometimes, miraculous machinery. His two masterpieces are generally acknowledged to be the winter and summer of "The Seasons;" the choice between them will vary with the taste of the reader. It is difficult to know whether to admire more the lofty purpose and sustained grandeur pervading the noble allegory of "Sintram," or the grace and tenderness which immortalize that most exquisite of fairy tales, "Undine."—Fouqué's first wife, Karoline, born at Rennhausen in 1773, wrote novels; letters on female education and on the Grecian mythology; and some narrative poems—all of which betray remarkable powers both of observation and expression. She died in 1831.—J. N.
FOUQUET, Charles-Louis-Auguste de, Comte, and afterwards Duc de Belle-Isle, a French marshal and minister, was born at Villefranche de Rouergue in 1684, and died at Paris
