* FROUDE, James Anthony, born in 1818, is a son of Archdeacon Froude, of Totnes, Devonshire, and younger brother of the late Richard Hurrell Froude, whose "Remains," published in 1838-39, created so deep a sensation amongst the theologians. Mr. J. A. Froude was educated at Oxford, where he took his degree of M.A., and obtained a fellowship of Exeter college, which he afterwards resigned. In 1847 he published "Shadows of the Clouds," a novel, which is now withdrawn from circulation; and two years later he startled Oxford from its propriety by his celebrated "Nemesis of Faith." The freedom with which in this book he avowed the most heterodox opinions seriously darkened his prospects in life; but some amongst his critics—and notably an eminent writer in Fraser's Magazine—whilst denouncing his work as dangerous, and assailing it as unsound, rendered ample justice to the author's fearless sincerity, lofty talent, and rare command of style. Mr. Froude's powers were soon employed to better purpose. In January, 1852, he contributed to the Westminster Review an essay upon Mary Stuart, which immediately attracted public attention. Six months later came another essay, "England's Forgotten Worthies," an eloquent plea for the great Elizabethan voyagers, and subsequently essays on Mary Tudor, Cardinal Wolsey, John Knox, the Book of Job, Spinoza, &c. Meanwhile, Mr. Froude was accumulating the materials for a work which has placed him in the front rank of living writers. In 1856 appeared the first two volumes of his "History of England from the fall of Wolsey to the death of Elizabeth;" and two other volumes, published in 1858, brought the narrative to the death of Henry VIII. Few historical works have excited more controversy; but the original research and the noble industry of Mr. Fronde were acknowledged even by those who most differed from his peculiar opinions. Indeed, his adversaries were often obliged to draw their weapons from an arsenal which, save for himself, would have remained closed to them. If he has not convinced the public that Henry VIII. was a good and great king, he has at least given us a picture of England under the Tudors, the value of which it would be difficult to overrate. In style, Mr. Froude's history is a model of nervous and masculine English; singularly acute in its examination of evidence, it yet abounds in touches of the deepest pathos. In 1860—the first four volumes being then in a second edition—two others appeared, containing the reigns of Edward VI. and Mary. Mr. Froude, who has resided for several years in North Devon, is brother-in-law to the Rev. Charles Kingsley, both having married daughters of the late Mr. Pascoe Grenfell, M.P. Mr. Froude has contributed largely to the columns of Fraser's Magazine.—W. J. P.
FRUELA or FROILA I., King of Oviedo, Leon, and Asturias (the only provinces of Spain then unconquered by the Moors), son of Alfonso I. the Catholic, began to reign in 757. The intestine quarrels of the Moorish princes enabled him to strengthen his government against them, and he succeeded in putting down a formidable rising in the provinces of Vascongadas (comprising Biscay, Guipuzcoa, and Alava). He was equally successful in Galicia, and gained, it is said, a signal victory over Omar, the Moorish prince; but, as the Arab chronicles are silent on this point, considerable doubt exists as to the magnitude of his success. Fruela founded or greatly enlarged the city of Oviedo. Subsequently he incurred the hatred of his subjects by the murder of his brother Bimarano, and in his turn fell a victim to the vengeance of his cousin Aurelio, who succeeded him in 768.—F. M. W.
FRUELA or FROILA II., King of Oviedo and Leon, brother of Ordoño II., born about 845, began to reign in 923, assuming the rights which properly belonged to the son of his predecessor. His reign, which lasted only fourteen months, was a scene of great confusion, marked chiefly by the banishment of the bishop of Leon, and the murder of several of his relatives. He died of leprosy in 925.—F. M. W.
FRUGONI, Carlo Innocenzo, born at Genoa on the 21st of November, 1692. For family reasons he was destined by his father for the church; and at fifteen years of age, quite against his own will, he was shut up in a convent, and compelled to pronounce his vows at Novi in the following year. Having explained his position to Cardinal Bentivoglio, on a visit he paid to that convent, that eminent man obtained from Pope Clement XII. for the young monk remission from his monastic vows, and restoration to liberty. Frugoni's fame became very general, and he was invited to fill the chair of belles-lettres, from 1716 to 1724, in the universities of Brescia, Rome, Genoa, Bologna, and Modena, everywhere attracting numerous pupils, and giving indubitable proofs of great literary attainments. His protector. Cardinal Bentivoglio, out of gratitude for the assistance Frugoni had given him in his translation of Statius, recommended him to Antonio Farnese, duke of Parma, who appointed him his poet-laureate, and intrusted him afterwards with the education of his eldest son. But the vicissitudes to which that petty state was subjected up to the year 1748, rendered his existence very precarious, and his friends, San Vitale and Algarotti, often came to his assistance. Having, however, succeeded in recovering a part of his paternal inheritance, Frugoni was then enabled to devote the whole of his time to literary pursuits, and he wrote many lyric compositions, which have deservedly raised him to the first rank amongst the poets of the eighteenth century. His canzones are remarkable for their perfect versification and beauty of language. He died after a short illness, on the 20th of December, 1768.—A. C. M.
FRUMENTIUS, the apostle of the Ethiopians, was a native of Tyre, where he was born near the end of the third century, and was brought up a christian. Having accompanied his relative Meropius, a Tyrian philosopher, on a voyage of curiosity to Ethiopia, it unfortunately happened that the treaty between the Romans and the Ethiopians had been violated on the side of the former just at the time of their arrival; and the latter revenged themselves by seizing and putting to death the whole of the ship's company except Frumentius and another young relative of Meropius, Edesius, whom they had compassion upon on account of their youth. The two young captives were sent to the king, who was pleased with their appearance, and kept them honourably at his court. Frumentius for his superior intelligence was made keeper of the records. The king dying soon after, the government devolved on his widow and infant son, when the queen committed to the two strangers the charge of her son, and a large share in the administration of the kingdom. The chief authority was in the hands of Frumentius, who, finding some christians among the Roman merchants who traded with the country, made known to them his own christian faith, and encouraged them to assemble for christian worship. A church which he built for their use was the first christian temple erected in Ethiopia, and immediately became the centre of an evangelistic mission to its pagan inhabitants, which, under the guidance and fostering care of Frumentius and Edesius, was carried on with great success. When the young king reached maturity, Frumentius resigned to him the reins of power and obtained permission to return to his native country. Visiting Alexandria by the way, he waited upon Athanasius the bishop, and acquainted him with the hopeful beginnings which had been made in the christianization of Ethiopia, and entreated him to send a bishop and other ministers to carry on the work. Athanasius requested Frumentius himself to accept the bishopric, as no one could be found so suitable as himself; whereupon he was ordained bishop of Auxume, and returned to Ethiopia. The conversion of the whole country to christianity is assigned to the year 330.—P. L.
FRUNDSBERG, Georg von, born in 1475; died in 1527. He belonged to one of those turbulent families which were so numerous in Germany previous to the time of Charles V. He distinguished himself at the battle of Pavia. He also was present with his Germans under the duke of Bourbon at the sack of Rome, a task for which his followers showed no disinclination. Although brought up from his youth to the trade of war, he was by no means destitute of generosity and humanity. The following anecdote deserves to be recorded. When struck with an apoplectic attack, while quelling a mutiny, he remarked—"There are three things which should cause us to avoid war—the misery it brings on the innocent people, the licentiousness of the soldiery, and the ingratitude of princes, who promote the undertaking and leave the worthy unrewarded."—[J. S.]
FRUSIUS, Andreas, the Latinized name of André des Freux, a French scholar and theologian, was born at Chartres about the beginning of the sixteenth century, and died at Rome in 1556. He was curé of Thiverval when he betook himself to Rome to attend the preaching of Ignatius Loyala. He entered the order of the jesuits in 1541, and was for some time secretary to their celebrated founder. He subsequently taught Greek at Messina, and was rector of the German college at Rome at the time of his death. He wrote "Assertiones Theologicæ;"
