public life ceases. He followed the deposed king and queen to Rome, and lived on their bounty until their death. After the death of his wife, Theresa de Bourbon, he was remarried to Doña Josefa Tudo, by whom he had two children. He returned to Paris in 1835, and received a small pension from King Louis Philippe. He published his memoirs, which are of little historical value. He died 4th October, 1851.—F. M. W.
* GODRON, D. A., a distinguished French botanist, who has published a flora of France, besides papers on several natural orders of plants, also a monograph of the genus Rubus, and a treatise on vegetable hybridity.—J. H. B.
GODUNOF or GODOONOFF, Boris, Czar of Russia, born in 1552; died in 1605. He was of an honourable Tartar family; his father-in-law was the favourite of the Czar Ivan Vassilievich the Terrible, and his sister Irene was married to Prince Feodor I., who succeeded to the throne in 1584, Godunof obtained an influence over this weak prince, which rendered him the virtual ruler of the empire. He was believed to have murdered the czar's younger brother Demetrius, in order to open the way for his own succession; he made one of his creatures bishop of Moscow, and contrived to drive away all the other counsellors of the sovereign. The most notable act of his administration was the institution of the modern system of serfdom in 1595, by which the labourers on each estate became attached to the soil as the property of their masters. At the death of Feodor I., Godunof was without difficulty elected czar; his sister, the widow of Feodor, resigning her rights in his favour. At the moment of his accession the khan of the Crimea was about to invade the country. Godunof speedily compelled him to sue for peace. He devoted himself to the cultivation of foreign alliances, and with this view he proposed to marry his beautiful daughter Xenia to Gustavus, son of Eric, the deposed king of Sweden. That plan failing on account of religious difficulties, he made a similar proposal to Duke John, brother of the king of Denmark, and of the princess who was afterwards the queen of our James I.; but this scheme was frustrated by the duke's death. Queen Elizabeth maintained a friendly correspondence with Godunof. He made great efforts to promote education in his dominions, but met with great opposition from the priests. He, however, did much towards the civilization of his country by encouraging the young nobles to visit foreign countries. In 1601 and 1602 a severe famine reigned throughout the empire, and gave rise to the most horrible disorders. Godunof did all that could be done to relieve the sufferings of the people, and to keep down the marauders who infested the land; but a new and romantic disaster awaited him. It has been stated that Godunof, in 1591, procured the murder of the young Prince Demetrius; the people of Uglish had taken summary vengeance on the assassins, and hundreds of the people in consequence were put to death, had their tongues cut out, or were transported to Siberia. It was at that time given out by Godunof that the prince had committed suicide. But in 1604 it became rumoured that he was still alive, and either the prince himself, or some one assuming his name, raised an army in Poland, and was everywhere received in Russia with enthusiasm. He was marching on Moscow, when Godunof put an end to his own life by poison, 13th April, 1605.—His son Feodor, only sixteen years of age, was proclaimed sovereign of those portions of the empire not already conquered by Demetrius, but was murdered in June of the same year, his mother hanged, and all his family (except his sister Absinia, who was reserved as a bride for the young czar, but never married to him) were exiled. Godunof is annually anathematized by the Russian church, but the vigour and, on many occasions, the clemency of his rule ought in some measure to extenuate his crimes.—F. M. W.
GODWIN, Earl of Sussex, Kent, and part of Wessex, is said, in the Knytlinga Saga, to have been a shepherd's son, who had conducted the Danes when in pursuit of the English, and been adopted by their leader, Ulf. A truer account makes him the child of Wulfnoth, "child" or thane of Sussex, and nephew of the powerful traitor, Edric Streone, earl of Mercia. Godwin was early initiated in rebellion. His father was, in 1009, dispossessed by his uncle Brihtric; and became in consequence a freebooter. On occasion of the expedition of Canute in the year 1019, into Denmark, and thence against the Wends, Godwin held a high command. Not long after this he was further honoured by receiving in marriage the hand of Githa, sister to the Earl Ulf, Canute's own brother-in-law. At the death of Canute, he adhered to the party of the Queen-dowager Emma and her son Hardicanute; and when beaten, at a witenagemote held at Oxford, in his attempt to preserve the realm entire for the latter, aided Emma, who kept court at Winchester, in maintaining the allegiance of Wessex and the other southern districts. The refusal, however, of Hardicanute to come for the present to England disgusted the earl; he went over to Harold; and, on the arrival at Canterbury of Prince Alfred, Edward the Confessor's brother, and Emma's son by Ethelred, got by subtlety possession of his person, and, in accordance with Harold's orders, had him put to death at Ely, after first putting out his eyes. The acknowledged accession of Hardicanute, the murdered prince's half brother, on the death of Harold in 1039, made Godwin's position hazardous; but his subserviency soon procured him pardon. Hardicanute's death, and the succession, mainly through the earl, of Alfred's brother, Edward the Confessor, still further increased the latter's power. The new king had to marry the great noble's daughter, the pious and accomplished Editha, or Eadgyth the Fair. After the expulsion of Osgod Clapa and the other Danish chieftains, in which undertaking he sympathized with the king, it became his object to get rid of the Frenchmen, whom Edward's religious views and his long residence in Normandy had attracted. When ordered to punish his burghers of Dover, for their chastisement of the insolence of Eustace, count of Boulogne, he required the expulsion of the foreigners. But the king managed to adjourn the discussion to the autumnal assembly in London; and when, in 1051, the powerful family arrived at Southwark with a large army, they found Edward prepared, and surrounded by an equal array of Siward's and Leofric's followers. Godwin's troops now began gradually to disperse; and the witenagemote declared Sweyn an outlaw, and required the father and Harold to appear before them. As they refused to come unless hostages were delivered to them, they were banished from England. Godwin, with his wife Gytha, his sons Sweyn, Gyrth, and Tostig, and the latter's wife Judith, niece to the count of Flanders, fled first to Sussex, and thence, with their treasures, to Flanders. In 1052 Harold and Leofwine returned from Ireland with a powerful fleet. He was met by his father off Portland, whence they sailed to the Thames; the sailors of the royal fleet deserted; the citizens of London showed themselves favourable to the earl; and the king, after holding out for some time, gave hostages for the safety of his enemies. The latter appeared before the witenagemote, and were held to have established their innocence. In the Easter of 1053, Godwin, while at table with Edward at Winchester, was seized with apoplexy, and died within five days. The well-known story of the Norman chroniclers, who hated both him and his house is, that on an insinuation by the king that the earl was the author of Prince Alfred's murder, Godwin cried out—"May this morsel be my last, if your brother died by my counsel!" and that he died choked with the bread.—(Anglo-Saxon Chronicle; Lappenberg's History of England; Palgrave's Anglo-Saxon Period.—W. S., L.
GODWIN, Francis, a learned English prelate and historian, was the son of Bishop Thomas Godwin, and was born at Havington in Northamptonshire in 1561. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, where he was elected student in 1578 while his father was dean. In 1583 he took his master's degree, and occupied himself for some time with philosophical pursuits, in which he displayed some degree of original and inventive genius, the fruits of which, however, were not published till after his death. One of these was "The Man in the Moon, or a discourse of a voyage thither," 1638; and another, "Nuncius Inanimatus, or the inanimate messenger," being a contrivance for the swift and secret conveyance of intelligence. Having entered into orders, he was made successively rector of Samford Orcais in Somersetshire, a prebendary of Salisbury, and subdean of Exeter. Addicting himself meanwhile to antiquarian researches, he became acquainted with Camden, and accompanied him in his archæological travels in Wales in 1590. Restricting himself at length to ecclesiastical antiquities, he published in 1601 in 4to, "A Catalogue of the Bishops of England since the first planting of the christian religion in the island," &c., of which a second edition appeared in 1615, and another in elegant Latin in 1617. This valuable work was rewarded with two bishoprics—that of Llandaff, presented to the author by Elizabeth; and that of Hereford by James I. Dr. Richardson's edition in folio, published in 1743, brings down the catalogue to that date. In 1616 he published in Latin a history of the reigns of Henry
