recovery he was sent to Spain to take the command of the British and Portuguese troops in Cadiz, which was then closely invested by the French. Graham resolved to raise the siege by attacking the besieging army, and on the 5th of March, 1811, fought tile famous battle of Barossa, in which, though greatly hampered by the stupidity and obstinacy of his Spanish allies under La Pena, he defeated the French under Victor, with the loss of six guns and two thousand men. But the imbecility or treachery of the Spanish general prevented him from reaping the fruits of this victory—one of the most brilliant episodes in the peninsular war. General Graham shortly after joined the army under Wellington, and was appointed second in command. He took part in the siege of Ciudad Rodrigo, led the British left wing at the battle of Vittoria, and commanded at the siege of St. Sebastian. He had the charge of the left wing of the army when it crossed the Bidassoa, and, after a desperate conflict, obtained a footing on the French territory. In 1814 he commanded the British forces in Holland at the unsuccessful siege of the strong fortress of Bergen-op-Zoom; and in May of that year he received the thanks of parliament for his numerous and important services, and was raised to the peerage by the title of Lord Lynedoch, with a pension of £2000 a year. He was loaded with orders and decorations, both native and foreign; was elected rector of the university of Glasgow; and in 1826 was appointed governor of Dumbarton castle. The remainder of his life, which was protracted to a very advanced age, was passed in tranquillity and honour. He died in London, December 18, 1843; and as he left no issue, his titles became extinct. Sheridan, in his eloquent and affecting speech upon the vote of thanks to the victor of Barossa, "the hero of a race renowned of old," says truly—"Never was there seated a loftier spirit in a braver heart."—J. T.
* GRAHAM, Thomas, master of the mint, was born December 20, 1805, at Glasgow. He entered the university of Glasgow, where he took the degree of M.A. He studied chemistry under Dr. T. Thomson, and then attended the courses at Edinburgh. In 1828 Mr. Graham established a private laboratory in Glasgow for instruction in practical chemistry, and succeeded Dr. Clarke as lecturer on chemistry at the Mechanics' Institution. In 1830 he became professor of chemistry at the Andersonian institution in Glasgow, and continued in that office until 1837, when he was chosen professor of chemistry at University college, London. He subsequently became assayer, and in 1855 master of the mint. Mr. Graham's first paper was on the formation of alcoates, or definite compounds of salts and alcohol. He then investigated the laws of the diffusion of gases, and his discoveries gained for him the Keith prize of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1834). He examined the nature of the arseniates and phosphates, and the modifications of phosphoric acid, as well as the constitution of various other salts. In 1850-51 he investigated most elaborately the diffusion of liquids, and the nature of the force which he termed osmosis. These experiments formed the subject of the Bakerian lectures delivered by Mr. Graham before the Royal Society from 1850 to 1854. He also made valuable observations on the absorption of gases by liquids, and on etherification. Mr. Graham was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1836, and has since been twice chosen vice-president. He was one of the first presidents of the Chemical Society. He has been several times employed by government, particularly on the commission for ventilating the houses of parliament, and in investigating the water supply of London.—C. E. L.
GRAHAME, James, a Scottish poet, was born, 22nd April, 1765, at Glasgow, and was educated at the grammar-school and university of that city. His father stood at the head of the legal profession in his native town; and sent him in 1784 to study law at Edinburgh. After completing his apprenticeship, he was admitted a member of the Society of Writers to the Signet in 1791. Four years later he quitted this branch of the profession. and was admitted to practise at the Scottish bar; but law in all its branches was to him an irksome pursuit. In 1802 he married a Miss Graham of Annan, a lady of masculine understanding and elegant accomplishments. Grahame had from early years shown a taste for poetry, and while at the university had printed and circulated among his friends a collection of poetical pieces, which appear to have been of no great merit. He subsequently wrote several fugitive poems, and in 1801 published a dramatic poem on Mary Queen of Scotland, which is regarded as a failure. In 1804 he gave to the world his best known poem "The Sabbath." Such was his diffident disposition, that it was not only published anonymously, but the authorship was kept a secret from his nearest relations until its success was certain. Graham had always cherished a strong desire to enter the church, and at length, in 1809, he was ordained by Dr. Bathurst, bishop of Norwich. Shortly after he obtained the curacy of Shipton in Gloucestershire, which he held for nine months. He then returned to Scotland, and was an unsuccessful candidate for St. George's Episcopal chapel, Edinburgh. In August, 1810, he was appointed interim-curate to the chapelry of St. Margaret, Durham, where his eloquence as a preacher attracted large crowds. On quitting this place, he obtained the curacy of Ledgefield in the same diocese. But his health had long been delicate, and he died somewhat suddenly at Whitehill, near Glasgow, 14th September, 1811. In addition to the poems mentioned, Grahame wrote "The Birds of Scotland;" "British Georgics;" and a number of smaller poetical pieces. Grahame belongs to the school of Cowper, possessing his manly simplicity, unaffected piety, and kindness of heart, but wanting that poet's mastery of versification and easy idiomatic vigour of style. Many exquisite pictures of external nature are scattered throughout his writings, clothed in simple, unexaggerated, yet nervous language, and imbued with the finest spirit of nationality. Grahame was a genuine patriot, and was strongly attached both to the people and the landscape of Scotland. His descriptions of the solemn stillness of the "hallowed day" in the rural districts of the country; the domestic enjoyment the Sabbath brings to the day-labourer and "the pale mechanic;" the church bells; the gathering groups of humble worshippers; the Sabbath service of the shepherd boy; the Sabbath preachings among the hills in times of persecution; and the Scottish exile sitting on the felled trees in the primeval forests of America, and singing the songs of Zion—are among the sweetest pictures in English poetry.—J. T.
GRAILLY, Jean de, known by the title of Captal, or feudal lord of Bach in Aquitaine, was one of the greatest captains of the fourteenth century. Espousing the cause of the English and of Charles the Bad, king of Navarre, in opposition to Charles V. of France, he was twice defeated and made prisoner by Bertrand du Guesclin, first in 1364, and afterwards in 1372. On the second occasion Charles V. refused large ransoms which were offered by the English Edward for his liberation; and De Grailly, though lured by the promise of liberty held out to him on condition of his swearing allegiance to Charles, preferred to languish under the confinement of a prison, where he died in 1377.—G. BL.
GRAINGER, James, a Scottish poet and physician, was born at Dunse in Berwickshire about 1723. At an early age he was apprenticed to a surgeon in Edinburgh; and having there acquired a knowledge of the various branches of medical science, he obtained the appointment of surgeon to Pulteney's regiment of foot. He served with it in that capacity during the rebellion in Scotland in 1745, and afterwards in Germany. After the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, he sold his commission, and began to practise as a physician in London, but with no great success. He became intimately acquainted, however, with Dr. Johnson, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Bishop Percy, Shenstone, Glover, and other distinguished men in the metropolis, by whom he was greatly esteemed and befriended. In 1758 he accepted a situation as physician in St. Christopher's; and having married Miss Burt, the daughter of the governor of that island, he soon realized an independent fortune. With the exception of a short visit to England, he resided in St. Christopher's till his death, which took place in 1767. Grainger's best poem is his "Ode on Solitude," which was highly praised by Dr. Johnson. He wrote also a didactic poem of no great merit, called "The Sugar Cane;" a translation of the Elegies of Tibullus, which was savagely reviewed by Smollet; the ballad of "Bryan and Pereene," published in Percy's Reliques; a medical treatise entitled "Historia Febris anomalæ Bataviæ, annorum 1746-48;" and an "Essay on the more common West Indian diseases."—J. T.
GRAINGER, Richard, a builder in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, was born in 1798. On the death of his father, who was a porter at the quay, his mother resorted to such manual labour as she could procure for the support of Richard and her two other children. Apprenticed to a builder in Newcastle, the peculiar bent of his mind towards planning improvements in the town early showed itself. Not long after, having completed the term of his indenture, he commenced business on his own
