Montgomery's successor, Lord George Bentinck. In 1818 he was returned on liberal principles, and after a most expensive contest, as member of parliament for Hull, but on the dissolution which followed the death of George III. he was absent for some years from the house of commons. In 1824 succeeding his father in the baronetcy and large estates, he was elected in 1826 member for Carlisle. In the latter year he published his celebrated pamphlet, "Corn and Currency," in which he proclaimed as his watchword, "free importation of corn, with a moderate protective duty," while he called on the country "to force also at the same time a revision of all other monopolies, and to carry a reduction of taxes to a very large amount." In the years which immediately preceded the first reform bill, Sir James Graham was a prominent advocate of catholic emancipation, parliamentary reform, and especially of retrenchment in all departments of the state. In one important department he was allowed to try the experiment of retrenchment, when circumstances seated his party in power. In the ministry of Earl Grey Sir James Graham became first lord of the admiralty, and effected a good deal, it is understood, for economical reform in the naval administration of the country. Seceding in 1834 with Mr. Stanley (now Lord Derby) from his colleagues on the Irish church question, he was offered office in the new and brief ministry of the late Sir Robert Peel, but declined it; "assuring me," says Sir Robert, however, in his recently published memoirs, "of his warm personal regard, and general desire to give me all the support he could, consistently with his own principles and avowed opinions." This secession from the whig party cost him in 1837 his seat for East Cumberland, which he had represented in the house of commons since 1830. But he was returned in 1838 for the Pembroke district, which he exchanged for Dorchester in 1841, the year of the return of Sir Robert Peel to the premiership, with Sir James Graham for his home secretary. The period during which Sir James Graham discharged the duties of this office was one marked by much political excitement, both among the working and the middle classes, and a greater than usual responsibility rested upon the home secretary. Whatever may be the verdict passed on such isolated acts as the opening of Mazzini's letters, men of all parties are agreed as to the administrative energy and ability displayed by Sir James Graham while he held the seals of the home office during a critical period of our social history. When on the 6th of November, 1845, Sir Robert Peel proposed to his cabinet to issue forthwith an order in council, remitting the duty on corn to a shilling, and to call parliament together for an indemnity. Sir James Graham was one of the three colleagues who supported the premier's bold proposal, the other two being the late Lord Aberdeen and Mr. Sidney Herbert. During the crisis of corn-law repeal Sir James Graham was ever active with his aid by the side of his chief, and it was thus that Sir Robert Peel, in the work already quoted, has spoken of the services rendered to him by his home secretary—"I should do injustice to one of those colleagues with whom, from the nature of our respective offices, my intercourse in regard to the transactions which form the subject-matter of this memoir was the most frequent and the most intimate, and whose responsibility was equal to my own, if I do not express in the strongest terms my grateful acknowledgments for the zealous support and able assistance which I uniformly received from Sir James Graham." On the fall of Sir Robert from power. Sir James Graham was the colleague who adhered to him most firmly, and it was on his arm that Sir Robert generally leant when he left the house of commons. In the interval which elapsed between the formation of Lord John Russell's and that of Lord Derby's first ministry, Sir James Graham was comparatively quiescent, distinguishing himself, however, with the principal of his colleagues in opposing the Pacifico-claims and the ecclesiastical titles bill. On the formation of Lord Aberdeen's coalition ministry. Sir James Graham returned to his old post of first lord of the admiralty; but his administration of the navy during the Russian war had to be signalized, not by the retrenchment of former days, but by the vigorous formation, equipment, and supply of mighty fleets. On the fall of Lord Aberdeen, Sir James Graham occupied the same office for a brief period under the premiership of Lord Palmerston, soon seceding, however, with his Peelite colleagues for the reason mentioned in our memoir of Mr. Gladstone. He joined the whig-Peelite coalition which overthrew, on the question of reform, Lord Derby's second ministry, but was not included in the new ministerial arrangements made by his successful allies. Sir James exchanged the representation of Dorchester for that of Ripon in 1847, and in 1852 was returned again for Carlisle. Sir James Graham died at his seat of Netherby on the 25th October, 1861.—F. E.
GRAHAM, Maria. See Callcott, Lady.
GRAHAM, Robert, an eminent Scottish botanist, was born at Stirling on 7th December, 1786, and died at Coldoch in Perthshire on 7th August, 1845. He prosecuted his medical studies at Edinburgh and Glasgow, and practised medicine in the latter city. In 1818 he was appointed professor of botany in the university of Glasgow, and was the first occupant of that chair. In 1820 he was transferred to the botanical chair in the university of Edinburgh, which he filled up to the time of his death. In the same year he became a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and in 1821 of the Linnæan Society. He did much to infuse a zeal for botany into the students at Edinburgh, and his botanical excursions were the means of encouraging a taste for the practical prosecution of the science. He added many interesting species to the flora of Scotland. His published works consist chiefly of descriptions of new or rare plants grown in the Edinburgh botanic garden. These papers appeared in the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal and in the Botanical Magazine. He published also in the Companion to the Botanical Magazine a description of the gamboge-tree of Ceylon, which he called Hebradendron cambogioides. His favourite tribe of plants was the Leguminosæ.—J. H. B.
GRAHAM, Thomas, Lord Lynedoch, one of the most distinguished peninsular generals, was descended from the fifth son of Sir William Graham of Kincardine, ancestor of the duke of Montrose. He was born either in 1748 or in 1750. His father was Thomas Graham of Balgowan in Perthshire; his mother was a daughter of the first earl of Hopetoun. He was educated at home under the care of the well-known James M'Pherson (Ossian), and on reaching manhood, completed his education by travelling on the continent. His two elder brothers having died young, Thomas Graham inherited the family estates, and having in 1774 married Mary, daughter of the ninth Lord Cathcart, spent the succeeding eighteen years of his life in the tranquil and happy condition of a country gentleman, beloved by his neighbours and tenantry, and distinguished only as a daring rider and sportsman, and a good classical scholar. The death of his wife in 1792 preyed deeply upon his mind; and having in vain sought to dissipate his grief by foreign travel, he at length at the age of forty-three tried to drown the memory of his irreparable loss amid the bustle and dangers of a military life. Scott, in his Vision of Don Roderick, touchingly alludes to this. He entered the army as a volunteer under Lord Hood. In 1793 he took part in the campaign in the south of France as aid-de-camp to Lord Mulgrave; and during the famous siege of Toulon distinguished himself by his reckless bravery. On one occasion, when a soldier was killed, Graham snatched up his musket and took his place at the head of the attacking column. Shortly after his return to Scotland he was made lieutenant-colonel of the 90th regiment, the first battalion of which had been raised by himself. In 1795 he was stationed at Gibraltar; but, soon becoming wearied of garrison duty, he obtained permission to join the Austrian army on the Rhine as British commissioner. In this capacity he shared in the disastrous campaign of 1796, and afterwards assisted Wurmser in the defence of Mantua, when it was invested by the French under General Bonaparte. He made his escape from this city before its surrender, and, after a succession of most perilous adventures, reached the head-quarters of the Archduke Charles, with whom he remained until the peace of Campo Formio in 1797. On returning home, he was speedily recalled to active service, and acquired great distinction at the reduction of Minorca, and the subsequent blockade and capture of Malta in 1800. He next proceeded to Egypt, but did not arrive until the campaign had terminated by the capitulation of the French army. He was stationed with his regiment in Ireland from 1803 to 1805, and was then sent to the West Indies, where he remained for three years. In 1808 he accompanied Sir John Moore in his expedition to Spain, and shared in all the hardships and perils of the disastrous campaign which terminated in the retreat from Corunna. His services during the retreat were of vast importance to the harassed troops. He next commanded a division in the fatal Walcheren expedition, and was obliged to return home in consequence of an attack of fever. On his
