in early life and educated by the first Lord Brooke, upon the death of that nobleman, he succeeded to his title and estates. In 1630 the name of the second Lord Brooke occurs in history along with the names of Lord Say and Seal and Lord Rich, as assignees from the Earl Warwick of certain rich settlements near Providence in America. At the outbreak of the civil war Lord Brooke attached himself to the party of the parliament. He attained a high rank in the parliamentarian army, and was much respected by his party. He fell in battle at Lichfield in 1643. He was author of "The Nature of Truth," 1641; "A Discourse concerning the Nature of that Episcopie which is exercised in England," 1641, and "Two Speeches spoken at Guildhall," 1642.—R. V. C.
* GREVILLE, Robert Kaye, a distinguished naturalist and botanist, was born on 13th December, 1794, at Bishop Auckland in the county of Durham. He began to study plants before he knew that any book was written on the subject, and before he was nineteen he had made careful coloured drawings of between one and two hundred native plants. He was intended for the medical profession, and accordingly he passed through the usual curriculum of four years in London and Edinburgh; but circumstances having rendered him independent of the practice of the profession, and, above all, natural history having taken too deep root in his heart, he did not go up for his degree, but devoted himself to botany. In 1824 the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by the university of Glasgow. He delivered several popular courses of lectures on botany, and made extensive collections of plants, insects, shells, and marine crustacea. Advancing age led to a less exclusive devotion to the subject, and to the disposal of his phanerogamous herbarium and ferns, as well as his collection of insects, to the university of Edinburgh. At the same time a change of circumstances led him to take up landscape painting as a profession. He still, however, continues to prosecute natural history, and has of late devoted much attention to the Diatomaceæ, and to his general collection of land and fresh-water mollusca, which is the finest in Scotland. Dr. Greville has taken also a warm interest in many important social reforms, and in various schemes of christian philanthropy. He took a prominent part in the agitation carried on for many years against slavery in our colonies. He was one of the four vice-presidents of the great antislavery association of all countries, held in London in 1840. When the temperance reform was first introduced into this country, he gave up a large portion of his time to it for several years, and addressed innumerable meetings on the subject, besides using his pen largely in its support. The Sabbath question also called forth his energies, and he acted for four years as secretary of the Sabbath Alliance. He is a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, an honorary member of the Royal Irish Academy, a member of the Imperial Academy Naturæ Curiosorum, and of the Natural History Society of Leipsic, honorary secretary of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, corresponding member of the Natural History Societies of Paris, Cherbourg, Brussels, Philadelphia, &c. Among his works may be noticed the following—"Flora Edinensis;" "Scottish Cryptogamic Flora;" "Algæ Britannicæ;" "Icones Filicum," in conjunction with Sir W. J. Hooker, besides numerous papers on ferns, algæ, mosses, and diatoms, in various scientific journals.—J. H. B.
GREW, Nehemiah, a famous English botanist, was born at Coventry about the year 1628, and died suddenly in London on 25th March, 1711. He prosecuted the study of medicine, and after obtaining his degree settled at Coventry. In 1664 he commenced his researches into the anatomy and physiology of plants, he afterwards went to London in 1772, and was elected a fellow and afterwards secretary of the Royal Society, to which he communicated several valuable papers. His chief work is the "Anatomy of Vegetables." He. also determined the functions of the stamens and pistil, and was the first to demonstrate the structure of the flowers of compositæ.—J. H. B.
GREY, Charles Grey, second earl, was descended from a family which had been settled in Northumberland for many generations, and branches of which had borne the titles of Earls of Tankerville and the Barons Grey of Werk. He was born at Falloden, near Alnwick, 13th March, 1764. His father. Sir Charles Grey of Howick, served with distinction at the battle of Minden and at the siege and capture of Quebec, was raised to the peerage for his military services in 1801, and was created an earl in 1806. His illustrious son was educated first at Eton, and subsequently at King's college, Cambridge. At the age of eighteen he visited the continent, and spent nearly two years in making the tour of France, Spain, and Italy. His political career commenced on his return home in 1786, when he was elected member for the county of Northumberland shortly before he had completed his twenty-first year. The relations of the young member were all connected with the tory party, and it was therefore a matter of no small surprise when Mr. Grey enlisted under the banner of Fox, and soon became one of the most formidable leaders of the opposition. His maiden speech (February, 1787) was against Mr. Pitt's commercial treaty with France, and attracted great attention by the clearness and force of its reasoning, as well as by the animation and grace of the youthful orator's delivery. In the following year, at the age of twenty-four, he was selected by the house of commons, along with Burke, Fox, Sheridan, and Windham, to conduct the impeachment of Warren Hastings at the bar of the British nobility; and from that time forward was regarded as one of the leading members of the whig party. He of course took a prominent part in the debates on the regency bill in 1789, and strenuously supported the whig view of the rights of the heir-apparent to the throne; but Mr. Grey was no mere political partisan, and showed his independence by his subsequent opposition to the additional grant for liquidating the prince's debts. The eventful career of the French revolution now commenced, and in no long time exercised vast influence both on the public policy of our country and on the position of the whig party. At the outset Burke declared himself hostile to the changes in the constitution of France; and as the excesses of the French revolutionists became more flagrant, Mr. Wyndham, the duke of Portland, Earl Fitzwilliam, and other whig magnates, abandoned their party and gave their support to the government. Mr. Grey, however, remained firm in his adherence to his principles, and strenuously supported Mr. Fox and his diminished band of followers in their opposition to a war with France. At this period too, the name of the young statesman first became associated with the great question of parliamentary reform, which in his old age he had the satisfaction of carrying to a triumphant conclusion. He was one of the founders and most active members of the famous "Society of the Friends of the People," which was formed in 1792 for the purpose of obtaining a reform in the system of parliamentary representation; and on the 30th April of that year he gave notice of a motion for the next session embodying the declaration, that "the evils which threaten the constitution can only be corrected by timely and temperate reform." Accordingly, on the 6th of May, 1793, the subject was brought before the house of commons. An immense number of petitions were presented in favour of parliamentary reform, the most important of which was an elaborate document from the Friends of the People, stating with great precision and distinctness the defects in the existing system of parliamentary representation, and offering to prove that a majority of the house of commons was returned by one hundred and sixty individuals. Mr. Grey then moved that the petitions should be referred to a select committee, but his motion was negatived by a majority of two hundred and eighty-two to forty-one. Throughout the whole of the critical period which followed this unsuccessful effort, Mr. Grey, true to his principles, persisted in the thankless task of resisting the measures of the government, supported though it was by an overwhelming majority in parliament, as well as by the great body of the nation. Although he admitted that France "groaned under a furious tyranny to which the dominion of Nero or Caligula was preferable," he strove on every opportunity to bring to a close the war between Britain and that country. He made an earnest, though of course fruitless attempt, in 1794, to obtain an inquiry into the conduct of the ministry in bringing foreign troops into the country without the consent of parliament. He resisted the suspension of the habeas corpus act and the "detestable" bill of 1796 to restrain public meetings; and he exposed the wasteful expenditure of the government, and their unconstitutional application of public money to other purposes than those for which it had been voted by the house of commons. But all his motions, though supported by undeniable facts and most conclusive reasoning, were rejected by overwhelming majorities. In 1797 he brought forward once more the question of parliamentary reform, and proposed a plan for the extension of the suffrage and the redistribution of electoral rights; but his motion was lost by two hundred and fifty-eight to ninety-three, and the question
