fifteenth or beginning of the sixteenth century, died in Pisa, pen in hand, 26th May, 1569. He was appointed first physician to Francis I. of France towards 1542; was recalled after Francis' death in 1547 to Florence, and appointed first physician to the Grand-duke Cosmo; and was afterwards nominated to the chairs of philosophy and of medicine in Pisa, where he remained till his death. He translated into Latin the works of the ancient Greek surgeons, and wrote an "Ars Medicinalis," embodying some of the discoveries announced by Vesalius, Fallopius, and others—the question of priority being dubious. His personal character has been warmly praised.—W. M. R.
GUIDICCIONI, Giovanni, born in Via Reggio, Lucca, 25th February, 1500; died of fever in Macerata, August, 1541. His father dying during his infancy, Giovanni was placed by an uncle in the service of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, afterwards Pope Paul III. This pope, upon his election in 1534, made him governor of Rome and bishop of Fossombrone, nuncio in 1535 to the Emperor Charles V., president of Romagna in 1539, commissary-general of the papal arms in the war of Palliano in 1541, and finally governor of the Marche of Ancona. Besides an oration and letters, Guidiccioni left various poems in a marked and sustained style; he is accounted the most eloquent sonneteer of his age, and displays a sorrowing and indignant spirit of patriotism. His chief literary intimacy was with Annibal Caro, to whom he submitted his poems, and who accompanied him in Romagna as his secretary.—W. M. R.
GUIDO or GUIS, Duke of Spoleto, at the deposition of Charles the Fat, made an attempt to seize the Carlovingian sceptre in France, while his relative, Berenger of Friuli, stretched his hand to the sovereignty of Italy. The opposition of Arnulf of Germany drove Guido back across the Alps, where he endeavoured to possess himself of the Italian throne, and was crowned by the pope in 891. Arnulf, however, followed him and compelled him to retire into his hereditary estates, where he was organizing further efforts when he died in 894.—W. B.
GUIDO RENI, commonly called Guido, was born at Culvenzano, near Bologna, 4th November, 1575. His father was a musician, and Guido was intended for the same calling; but showing a talent for painting at a very early age, he was placed in the school of the Fleming, Denis Calvart, then the most popular teacher at Bologna. About 1595 he left Calvart for the Carracci, and became their most celebrated pupil. About 1602 Guido went with Albani, following Annibale Carracci, to Rome, and was established there for about twenty years; he obtained great reputation in Rome both for his frescoes and his oil pictures, and was a great favourite with Pope Paul V. In the pontificate of Urban VIII., having taken offence at some remarks of the Cardinal Spinola, he suddenly left Rome and settled in Bologna, where he lived in splendour, established a great reputation and a flourishing school, which was frequented by all the enterprising art students of the district. He died at Bologna, August 18, 1642, and was buried with great pomp in the church of San Domenico. Guido had three styles; at first he painted in the vigorous manner and in the taste of Michelangelo da Caravaggio; when at Rome he modified this style for one more in accordance with the prevailing taste at Rome and of the Carracci—eclectic, ideal, and ornamental—of which the Apollo and Aurora of the Rospigliosi palace, well known from the prints of Fry and Morghen, is a beautiful example. In this second manner he preserved an effective light and shade, but he afterwards, in his third manner, or what is called his silvery style, degenerated into an insipid sentimentality. His extravagant habits and consequent circumstances led him into great negligence; and notwithstanding the great income of which he was in receipt for many years, he died in debt; besides general extravagance, he was in the habit of gaming. When Guido first settled in Bologna, his charges for a head were twenty-five scudi, or five guineas; for a half-length figure fifty scudi; and for a whole figure one hundred: these prices he raised afterwards to five times the amount. He painted very few portraits, but many fancy heads of saints, &c. He had an ideal, he used to say, but it was in his head in testa. He painted even female saints from his old colour grinder. During the latter part of his career, according to his biographer Malvasia, Guido sold his time at so much per hour to certain dealers, who used to stand over him, watch in hand, and carry away the saints he manufactured wet from the easel. Such a picture took him about three hours, and sometimes less. His pictures are nearly all scriptural or mythological, portraits by him being very rare. In all nearly three hundred pictures by him are preserved in the different European collections. The National Gallery possesses nine, mostly characteristic examples. A head of Christ, an "Ecce Homo" bequeathed by the poet Rogers, is an admirable specimen of that class of the painters works. Of his numerous scholars, Simone Cantarini Il Pesarese, is the best; there is an admirable head of Guido by him in the academy at Bologna. Guido is said also to have etched many plates.—R. N. W.
GUID' UBALDO del Monte, the Marquis, an eminent Italian mathematician, was born at Urbino in 1540, and died in 1601 at his castle of Monte Barrochio, where he had passed his whole life in study. His writings, published at Pisa towards the end of the sixteenth century, have reference chiefly to the application of geometry to astronomy and to statics. One of them, called "Perspectivæ libri sex," Pisa, 1600, is perhaps the earliest known complete treatise on the mathematical principles of perspective.—W. J. M. R.
GUIDUCCI, Mario, a nobleman and pupil of Galileo, was born at Florence on the 18th of March, 1584, and died there on the 5th of November, 1646. He was a member of the Accademia dei Lincei, and the ostensible author of the "Discorso delle Comete," published in 1619, in which Galileo's opinions respecting comets were set forth.—See Grassi, Orazio.—W. J. M. R.
GUIGNES, Joseph de, a distinguished French orientalist, born in 1721; died in 1800. His teacher was the celebrated Fourmont, whose biographer he afterwards became. In 1741 he was appointed interpreter to the French king, in 1753 elected a member of the Academy of Belles-Lettres, and in 1757 appointed professor of Syriac at the college royal. For about thirty-five years of his life he was the principal editor of the Journal des Savans, to which he contributed many able articles. All his works are characterized by immense research, and display profound erudition. The principal of these are contained in the collection of the Mémoires de l'Academie des Inscriptions, and are as follows—"Histoire Generale des Huns, des Turcs, des Moguls," &c.; "L'Art Militaire des Chinois;" "Essai Historique sur la Typographie Orientale et Grecque;" "Principes de Composition Typographiques en Caractéres Orientaux." He also edited Gaubil's translation of the sacred book called Chou King.
GUILANDINUS or GUILANDINI, Melchior, a German naturalist, whose real name was Wieland, was born at Königsberg about the beginning of the sixteenth century, and died on the 25th December, 1589. He was of humble origin, but was able to devote himself to the study of classics and philosophy. He became passionately fond of natural history, and visited Italy with the view of prosecuting his favourite science. He went to Rome, and was there reduced to the extremity of distress on account of his poverty. Fortunately he came under the notice of the ambassador of Venice, who assisted him. He also became known to Cabello, who was connected with the university of Padua, and was sent by him on an expedition to Asia and Africa. In returning with a large collection of objects of natural history, the vessel in which he sailed was seized by pirates, and he was made prisoner. He was kept for a long time as a slave in Barbary, and was finally ransomed by Gabriel Fallopius. On his return to Padua in 1561, Guilandini was appointed director of the botanic garden, and finally professor of botany. A genus, Guilandina, was named after him by Linnæus. He published a catalogue of plants in the Padua gardens, remarks on papyrus, synonymes of plants, a treatise on old and new names of plants, and letters on various botanical subjects.—J. H. B.
GUILD, William, D.D., one of the most eminent of the early Scotch divines, was born at Aberdeen in 1586. He was educated at Marischal college, then recently founded, and was subsequently called to the pastoral charge of the parish of King Edward, in the presbytery of Turriff. In 1631 he was removed to be one of the ministers of Aberdeen, and in 1640 was elected principal of King's college. He had previously been appointed one of the royal chaplains; and when the commotions took place in consequence of King Charles' endeavours to establish episcopacy in Scotland, Dr. Guild was permitted to subscribe the covenant under such limitations as implied no condemnation of the articles of Perth or of episcopal government. He was one of the commissioners in the celebrated general assembly which met at Glasgow in 1638, and abolished the hierarchy of the church; but, after his return from Glasgow, he published "A Friendly and Faithful Advice to the Nobility, Gentry, and
