than forcible, and Burnet describes him as "much set upon reconciling the Church of England to Rome." He was one of the committee who finally imparted to the Liturgy its present form, and was the author of that excellent prayer, "The General Supplication." He wrote "A Contention for Truth;" "Schism Unmasked;" "A View and Correction of the Common Prayer;" and "The Paschal or Lent Fast, Apostolical and Perpetual."—G. BL.
GUNST, Pieter van, a Dutch portrait engraver, was born at Amsterdam about 1667, and died in 1724. His works are always neat and careful in execution, but not always correct in drawing, and often feeble in effect. His best portraits are those of distinguished Englishmen, especially a series of ten plates, after drawings made by A. Houbraken from the originals by Vandyck, of Charles I., of his queen, and members of his court; William III. and Queen Mary, after Brandon; the duke of Marlborough, after Van der Werf; Queen Anne, after Kneller; Dryden, after Riley; and Locke, after Greenhill. He also engraved Holbein's portrait of Erasmus; a series of portraits for Larrey's History of England; and nine plates from Titian's Loves of the Angels. Far superior to these are the prints engraved by a namesake, Philip à Gunst, for the magnificent folio edition of Ovid, published at Rotterdam in 1732.—J. T—e.
GUNTER, Edmund, an English mathematician, was born in Herefordshire in 1581, and died in London on the 10th of December, 1626. He was the son of a gentleman of fortune, descended from an old family in Brecknockshire. He was educated at Westminster school and Christ Church college, Oxford, where he took successively the degrees of bachelor of arts, master of arts, and bachelor of divinity. In 1606 he invented the now well-known instrument called the "sector," and published an explanation of its use. In 1619 he was appointed professor of astronomy at Gresham college, London, where he laboured along with Briggs in the computation of the first set of logarithmic tables in which the base is the number ten—Briggs calculating the logarithms of the natural numbers, and Gunter those of trigonometrical functions. The latter were first published in 1620. In 1622 he made the first observation of a change in the variation of the compass-needle with the lapse of time, but did not pursue the inquiry to a demonstration. The fact of such a change was afterwards proved conclusively by Gellibrand. In 1624 he invented the logarithmic, or "Gunter's," scale, also known as the slide-rule, for performing multiplications and divisions approximately by a mechanical process. His collected works, in one volume quarto, went through several editions, three of which are respectively dated 1653, 1662, and 1673. They are all rare.—W. J. M. R.
GUNTHER, Johann Christian, a German lyric poet, was born at Striegau, Lower Silesia, 8th April, 1695, and received his education in the gymnasium of Schweidnitz, and the universities of Wittenberg and Leipsic. At an early age he raised high expectations by his poetical compositions, but soon sank into dissipation and vice, and died in the utmost destitution at Jena, 15th March, 1725. He was the last, but perhaps the most gifted poet of the Silesian school, and his poems have even obtained the praise of Göthe.—K. E.
GUNTRAM or GONTHRAMM, King of Burgundy, from 561 to 593, was one of the four sons of Clotaire I., at whose death he succeeded to the southern portion of the divided Frankish empire, with Orleans for his capital. His territories were considerably enlarged by the subsequent partition of the kingdom of Paris, at the death of Charibert in 567. In the wars which ensued between the two other sons of Clotaire—Chilperic of Neustria and Sigebert of Austrasia—he favoured the latter; and after the assassination of Sigebert in 575, maintained the rights of his youthful successor, Childebert II. Feuds and conflicts, however, had not much attraction for the peaceful and prudent spirit of Guntram. He attempted to hold the balance equitably between his contending relatives; and it was under his auspices that, after the death of Chilperic, an ineffectual effort was made to compose the strife by a council at Paris in 585. His wise and vigorous administration secured for more than thirty years the integrity and prosperity of his own kingdom, and his sceptre passed peacefully to his nephew, Childebert of Austrasia, whom he had nominated his heir.—W. B.
GURNALL, William, a learned, godly, and orthodox divine, as he is styled in the journals of the house of commons (vol. iii. p. 725), where it is ordered on December 16, 1644, "That the living of Lavenham in Suffolk having been conferred by Sir Simon d'Ewes the patron, upon William Gurnall, the said learned divine shall be rector for his life, and enjoy the rectory and tithes as other incumbents before him." He was born in 1617 at Walpole St. Peter in Norfolk. He was educated at Emmanuel college, Cambridge, and entering on the duties of his cure at Lavenham in his twenty-seventh year, he remained there to the end of his life, a period of thirty-five years. Little more is known of his uneventful career. The work to which he owes his celebrity is "The Christian in Complete Armour," 3 vols. 4to. The first and second volumes appeared in 1656 and 1658, the third two years after the Restoration. So recently as 1844 a new edition in 8vo was published. He had married in February, 1644-45, Sara Mott, of Stoke by Nayland, the daughter of a minister. When at the Restoration the act of uniformity was passed, Gurnall wisely, and without doubt conscientiously, conformed, and retained his living. One of the army of non-conforming sufferers hurled a terrific denunciation at him in the shape of a pamphlet entitled Covenant Renouncers Desperate Apostates. Gurnall died October 12, 1679, aged sixty-three. In 1830 there appeared an account of him at Woodbridge in a work entitled an Inquiry into the Life of the Rev. W. Gurnall, by H. M'Keon.—R. H.
GURNEY, Joseph John, a distinguished writer and philanthropist in the Society of Friends, a younger brother of the well-known Elizabeth Fry, born in 1788 at Earlham hall, near Norwich. His early training by the death of his mother devolved principally upon his eldest sister, Catherine. At Oxford he was placed under John Rogers, an eccentric but "admirable tutor, who taught him thoroughly, and worked him hard." Prevented by his religious profession from becoming a member of the university, he left Oxford when about seventeen to enter the family bank at Norwich. An elaborate review of Sir William Drummond's Herculanensia, published in the Classical Journal for September, 1810, attests the assiduity and success with which, after leaving Oxford, he continued to prosecute his studies. But the fascinations of literary ambition, if ever indulged, early yielded to the control of religious influences, and in his twenty-fourth year he took the decided step of uniting himself more closely with the Society of Friends, by which body he was, in the year 1818, "acknowledged" as a minister of the gospel. Notwithstanding this change in his position, he still continued an active partner in the extensive banking establishment belonging to his family; and, as a man of business and a christian minister, his life presents an instructive illustration of the combination of the practical, with the more contemplative parts of religion. His cordial attachment to what he conscientiously accepted as "the christian views and testimonies" of the Society of Friends was singularly unsectarian. "I wish," he was wont to say, "to be nothing better than a christian." Under his auspices Earlham hall, his residence, near Norwich, continued for many years a point of attraction for christians of all denominations. Here he rejoiced to welcome Simeon, Wilberforce, Bishop Wilson, Chalmers, Kinghorn, Leigh Richmond, and others "likeminded," drawn thither as to a common centre. His sister, Elizabeth Fry, and his brother-in-law, Sir T. F. Buxton, found in him an able adviser, and a hearty and generous coadjutor in their works of mercy and benevolence. He grudged neither time nor money for the good of others. As a minister of the gospel he visited most parts of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and many of the countries of continental Europe. Three years of his life were devoted to similar services in the United States of America, Canada, and the West Indies. In these journeys, besides his labours in preaching, he was in the habit of personally inspecting—sometimes in company with his sister, Elizabeth Fry—the condition of the prisons, hospitals, asylums, &c. Notwithstanding these engagements, he found time for the composition of numerous works, principally of a religious or philanthropic character. Without assuming the air of extraordinary depth or originality, his writings are distinguished by clearness of arrangement, propriety of diction, justness of thought, a moral truthfulness, which breaks forth in passages of considerable beauty and power, and are throughout pervaded by an excellent spirit. The following is a list of the more important of his publications—"On the Distinguishing Views of the Society of Friends;" "Essays on Christianity;" "Report on the State of Ireland," presented to the Marquis Wellesley in 1827, after a visit to that country in company with his sister
