HABSBURG, House of. See Hapsburg.
HACHETTE, Jean-Nicolas-Pierre, a distinguished French mathematician and engineer, was born at Mézières on the 6th of May, 1769, and died in Paris on the 16th of January, 1834. He was the son of a bookseller, and was educated at Charleville and at Rheims. In 1788 he was employed at the engineering school of Mezières as a draughtsman; and in 1792 he was appointed professor of hydrography at Collioure. In 1793, by the recommendation of Monge, who knew him through his mathematical writings only, he was appointed a deputy-professor at Mézières. In 1794 he assisted Monge in the organization of the mathematical and mechanical department of the polytechnic school, then newly established, in which he held a professorship until 1816. On the 26th of June, 1794, he accompanied Guyton de Morveau in that curious experiment made by the orders of Carnot at the battle of Fleurus, when the movements of the enemy's army were watched from a moored balloon. In 1810 Hachette was married to Mademoiselle Maugras, daughter of an eminent physician. In 1823 he was elected a member of the Institute; but so strong was the prejudice entertained against him by the elder branch of the Bourbons, that the royal assent, necessary to the ratification of his election, could not be obtained until the accession of Louis Philippe to the throne. The writings of Hachette comprise an admirable series of works on descriptive geometry, in continuation and development of those of Monge; a treatise on the application of algebra to geometry; an elementary treatise on machines; and various papers and reports on mathematical, mechanical, and physical subjects. The private character of Hachette was highly amiable and generous. He left two children—a son, who became an eminent civil engineer; and a daughter, married to the chemist Ebelmen.—W. J. M. R.
HACHETTE, Jeanne Fourquet, was born at Beauvais on the 14th November, 1454. She was of good family, her father, Jean Fourquet, being an officer in the royal guards. On the death of her father, Jeanne Fourquet was adopted and carefully educated by a lady called Laisné. The times were bloody and troubled, Louis XI. striving with great energy, with great success, but by the most horrible means, to crush feudalism, to extend the territory, and to add to the unity of France. His most formidable opponent was Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, who was as cruel and violent as Louis was perfidious and dissimulating. In June, 1472, the duke of Burgundy advanced with an army of eighty thousand men to besiege Beauvais, which was devoted to the French king. Charles the Bold had destroyed the town of Nesle, where the blood had flowed ankle-deep, and where not a single defender was spared. The inhabitants of Beauvais dreaded the same fate, so that if fierce was the assault more fierce was the resistance. Jeanne Fourquet, who had loved from a child tales of warlike achievement, and who adored the Maid of Orleans as a saint, emulated her valour and intrepidity. Arming herself with a hachette—a small axe or hatchet—she displayed the most heroic courage in leading and inspiring the besieged, who repelled repeated and most desperate onsets, and were finally victorious. From her weapon of war it is under the name of Hachette that Jeanne Fourquet has become immortal. Her noble exploits when she was scarcely eighteen are almost all we know regarding her. We have no trustworthy record respecting her subsequent career.—W. M—l.
* HACHETTE, Louis Christophe François, one of the most eminent of living French publishers, was born at Rethel in the Ardennes, on the 5th of May, 1800. Educated with a view to a university professorship, a career from which he was debarred by various circumstances, partly political; and after a subsequent semi-commercial, semi-legal training, he founded in 1826 a classical bookselling and publishing business, with the motto at once modest and aspiring—"Sic quoque docebo." From this period onwards to 1850, the establishment of M. Hachette acquired a great reputation by its issue of classical texts of now linguistic dictionaries, and of journals devoted to the exposition of the philosophy and practice of education. In 1850, M. Hachette, with the assistance of two sons-in-law, extended and expanded his publishing business, and converted it into one of a general character. From that date he may be said to have become at once the Murray and the Longman of Paris. Among; his more notable serial publications have been his issues of dictionaries of reference, embracing every variety of subject. Hachette's "Bibliothèque des Chemins de Fer," a cheap railway library, as its title indicates, has been unrivalled on this side the channel for the variety, instructiveness, and solidity of its contents, including as it does, original works by some of the most eminent living writers of France. Of his other speculations, one of the most successful and useful has been the Journal pour tous, which has reached a circulation of half a million copies per week. Besides directing the affairs of a very large publishing establishment, M. Hachette has honourably distinguished himself by his efforts, official and literary, to ameliorate the social condition of the French working-classes, notably in connection with the relief of the poor, and the establishment of friendly societies. During the course of 1860, M. Hachette has been rewarded for his services to literature, authorship, and social economy, by receiving from the emperor of the French the cross of the legion of honour.—F. E.
HACKERT, Philipp, a German landscape painter, born at Prenzlau in Prussia in 1737. Hackert was one of those ordinary men who are uncommonly fortunate in the matter of finding a biographer , Göthe has written his life, and has procured him a reputation much beyond his deserts. He was a good ordinary painter of views, and enjoyed great popularity, or rather patronage, in his time; but chiefly in Italy, in Rome, and Naples. His works are not scarce, but the best of them are preserved at Naples or Caserta. Philipp was one of five brothers who were all artists, and the others were all in succession employed by him as his assistants in Italy. Their father was a portrait painter; and Philipp, having acquired the elements of his art at Berlin, went in 1765 to Paris, and in 1768, accompanied by his brother Johann, to Rome, where they worked for Lord Exeter and other English patrons. It was while bringing home some English commissions that John Hackert died at Bath in 1772. One of Hackert's principal works was a series of six representations of the burning of the Turkish fleet by Count Orlow in 1770, painted for the Empress Catherine II.; and the magnificent count, in order to give the painter a proper notion of the explosion of a ship, had one of his frigates blown up in his presence, near Leghorn, for the express purpose. These pictures, painted in 1772, and for which Hackert received the then considerable payment of £1350, are now at St. Petersburg. Among Hackert's great patrons were Pius VI. at Rome, and Ferdinand IV. at Naples. He painted many pictures for Ferdinand, who styled him Don Filippo, and appointed him his principal painter in 1786; from this time Hackert settled with his youngest brother Georg at Naples. Georg Hackert was an engraver, and died at Florence in 1805. These German artists enjoyed their good fortune uninterruptedly at Naples, until disturbed by the French in 1799. Hackert had apartments in the Palazzo Francavilla on the Chiaja, and a salary of 100 ducats per month. In 1799 the French commandant-general, Rey, took possession of the apartments; but he gave the Hackerts passports, and allowed them to leave with all their effects. They removed first to Leghorn, then to Florence, where Philipp died in 1807. Among the most interesting of Hackert's works are the Launch of the Parthenope, a 64, the first ship of war built at Castel-a-Mare; and views of the sea-ports on both the eastern and western coasts of Southern Italy. The king equipped and armed a felucca for the painter, for the purpose of enabling him to take these views. Hackert also etched a few plates.—R. N. W.
HACKET, John, Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, born in London in 1592, received his education at Westminster school and at Trinity college, Cambridge, of which he was chosen a fellow. While fulfilling the duties of a tutor in Nottinghamshire he produced his "Comœdia Loiola," which vas twice acted before James I. Graduating in 1615, he took orders three years afterwards, and, patronized by several bishops, speedily obtained preferment. Rector of Stoke Hamon, 1618; chaplain to James I. and prebendary of Lincoln, 1623; in the following year he obtained the rectory of St. Andrew's, Holborn, and that of Cheam in Surrey; in 1631 was made archdeacon of Bedford; and in 1642 received a prebend and residentiaryship in St. Paul's. When the civil war broke out he took an active part against the puritans; and having retired to his living in Surrey, was there made prisoner by the army of Essex. He was shortly after liberated; and continuing at Cheam till the Restoration, recovered all his preferments. In 1661 he was raised to the bishopric of Lichfield and Coventry, which he filled worthily till his death in 1670. In the course of his tenure of the see of Lichfield, at an expense of £20,000, a great part of which was borne by him-
