a large number of works in French, Italian, and English, on philosophical and antiquarian subjects.—B. H. C.
* HAGHE, Louis, painter and lithographer, was born at Tournay in Belgium in 1802. The sun of an architect, he adopted the practice of lithography as a profession; and after working for some time in the establishment of M. de la Barrière at Tournay, he in 1823 came to London, and associated himself with the late Mr. Day, with whom he eventually entered into partnership. The house of Day and Haghe acquired, under the artistic direction of Mr. Haghe, a very high reputation, and produced some of the most magnificent works in lithography which have been published in this country, and fully equal to the finest productions of the continent. Of these the first place must be assigned to Roberts' Sketches in the Holy Land, many of the plates for which, as indeed of all the leading works prepared by the firm, were drawn by Mr. Haghe himself, whilst the whole were produced under his direct superintendence. Another of these great works was Mr. Haghe's own "Sketches in Belgium and Saxony," which, more than any other perhaps, served to make him known as a brilliant original draughtsman. For some time Mr. Haghe had given attention to water-colour painting, and in 1835 he was elected a member of the New Society of Painters in Water Colours—to the exhibitions of which society he has since regularly contributed. Soon after the death of Mr. W. Day in 1845, Mr. Haghe withdrew from the lithographic establishment, and he has since confined himself exclusively to painting. The quaint town-halls, churches, and interiors of the Netherlands, repeopled with the picturesque soldiers and burghers of long past years, are what he chiefly delights to depict, and his masterly representations always form a leading attraction of the new water-colour gallery. During the last four or five years Mr. Haghe has further displayed his versatility by appearing as a painter in oil. It must he added, that from a physical infirmity all Mr. Haghe's works—remarkable as they are for fullness of detail, accuracy of drawing, and precision of touch—are executed with the left hand. Mr. Haghe has received the cross of the order of Leopold, and the honorary membership of the art academies of Antwerp and Brussels. One of his water-colour paintings, "The Hall of Courtray," is in the Vernon collection.—J. T—e.
* HAHN, August, a German theologian, was born March 27, 1792, has occupied chairs in the universities of Leipsic and Breslau, and was at one time closely associated with Hengstenberg, Tholuck, Rudelbach, and others, in attacking the dominant rationalism of Germany. In 1827 he published two tracts which gave great offence to the Rationalists, "De Rationalismi, qui dicitur, vera indole;" and "Erklärung an die Evangelische Kirche." In 1832 he addressed a Sendscreiben, or controversial epistle, to Bretschneider, "Über die lage des Christenthums in unserer zeit," &c. (On the state of Christianity in our time); which drew forth from that able and learned semi-rationalist a very sharp and bitter reply. His principal work is his "Lehrbuch des Christlichen Glaubens," (Text-book of the Christian Faith), published in 1828, and dedicated to Neander.—P. L.
HAHN, Simon Friederich, born at Kloster-Bergen, near Magdeburg, in 1692; studied at Halle, and became successively professor of history at Helmstedt, and historiographer and librarian to the elector of Hanover. His principal work, "Deutsche Staats, Reichs, und Kirchenhistorie," commencing with Charlemagne, but reaching only to Wilhelm of Holland, was continued by Professor Rossmann up to the time of Kaiser Ludwig IV. Hahn died in 1729.—F. M.
* HAHN-HAHN, Ida, Countess, a German poetess and novelist, was born at Tressow, Mecklenburg, June 22, 1805. Her father, a descendant of one of the oldest and wealthiest baronial families of Germany, by his inordinate love of the stage had inextricably involved himself in debt; and whilst he was strolling about at the head of a company of players. Countess Ida with her mother shifted her cheerless residence from Rostock to Neubrandenburg, and thence to Greifswald, a circumstance that goes far to account for the unsteadiness and uneasiness of her mind, which, always longing for the blessings of a home, yet never could find one. In 1826 she was married to her cousin, Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf Count Halm, the owner of perhaps the largest baronial estate in Northern Germany. Their union, however, proved so unhappy that three years later they were divorced for incompatibility. Whilst her husband soon after formed a second marriage, the countess sought for contentment in extensive travels and a literary career. The latter she began with some volumes of poems (1835-37), but soon entered upon novel-writing. Her numerous novels show her to be possessed of no common powers, but at the same time evince the want of a liberal education; they are all dictated by a passionate restlessness and uneasiness of mind, and filled with aristocratical pride and haughty disdain of the people. Her topics are invariably taken from the social life of the upper ten thousand, and her style is accordingly stuffed with French expressions. An exceedingly witty caricature of the countess' manner, said to have been written by Fanny Lewald, appeared under the title Diogena. At length, however, when neither travelling nor literary fame were able to gratify the yearnings of her heart, the countess in 1850 suddenly embraced the Roman catholic faith, and with her usual feverish ardour plunged into the mysteries of Romanism. In 1852 she entered a convent at Angers. Since her conversion, of which she has given an account under the title "From Babylon to Jerusalem," she has addressed her poetic effusions to the Virgin, and published some books on church matters.—K. E.
HAHNEMANN, Christian Friedrich Samuel, the inventor of homœopathy, was born at Meissen in Saxony, on the 10th of April, 1755. His father was a porcelain-painter in that town. He was retained in the grammar-school there by the generosity of the masters, when the poverty of his father would have caused his removal before he could have ascended to the higher classes. His illness while at the Fürstenschule induced him to think of medicine as a profession, and his last essay as a student at the college was on the construction of the human hand. His good character as a pupil at Meissen was the means of procuring him free admission as a poor student at the college of Leipsic, to which he proceeded in 1775 with but twenty crowns in his pocket. While there he nobly supported himself by teaching French and Greek, and by translating English into German. From Leipsic he went to Vienna, where at the end of a year Dr. Quaritz, the physician of the hospital of the Brothers of Mercy, procured him the position of physician and librarian to Baron von Bruckenthal at Hermanstadt, which enabled him to save money enough to complete his medical studies at Erlangen, where he obtained the degree of M.D. in 1779. He commenced practice on his own account at Hettstädt, but left that place in 1781 for Dessau, and at the close of that year was appointed official physician at Gommern, near Magdeburg. He has the credit of having been employed in an asylum for the insane at Georgenthal in 1782, and having there adopted the non-restraint system of treatment recommended by Pinel during that year. He next resided at Dresden, and officiated as medical director of the city hospitals for a year, after which, in 1789, he returned to Leipsic to practise as a physician. But medicine was not always a healing art in his hands. He thought himself rather "a destroyer of human life, and he gave up treating any one lest he should aggravate disease, and occupied himself entirely with chemistry and authorship." He acquired so good a reputation as a chemist that Berzelius is reported to have said—"That man would have been a great chemist, had he not become a great quack." At Leipsic he stirred up great strife, and despite his facts, in 1820 he was forbidden by an order of the Hessian government to dispense his medicines. He therefore left Leipsic in 1821 for Cöthen, where he practised on his own system for fourteen years, and founded a society which in his name conferred diplomas on its members. His energy, genius, erudition, and industry, are attested by his labours with the pen. He translated eleven medical works from the English, five from the French, one from the Italian. He wrote three dissertations in Latin, comprising six volumes; and his original works in German amount to fifty-eight volumes. His father's early boast that "he would teach the lad to think" was amply fulfilled; but whether he ever learned how to think is questioned by most of his readers. From first to last he seems to have thought nobody's thinkings so good as his own. He bitterly complained of injustice when, on announcing his homœopathic hypothesis in Hufeland's Journal in 1796, he found his medical brethren rather severely critical concerning both his facts and his inferences. He passionately resented the resistance offered to his mode of advocating what he calls "a passionless cultivation of knowledge." He advertised a supposed prophylactic against scarlet fever and asked for a patient hearing, but did not disclose his secret, till he found he could get nothing for it; and then indignantly he proclaimed the virtues of belladonna. He had
