previously been selling borax at a high price under the advertised name of pnœum, supposing it a new alkali of his own discovery and of great medical value. This fact does not speak favorably of his chemical knowledge, but is of a piece with his assertion that substances inimical to life cannot enter the blood. A suspicion is cast on his sincerity by the circumstance that a year after he professed to have abandoned ordinary medical practice, he published a work entitled "Instructions for Surgeons on Venereal Diseases, with a new preparation of mercury." In this work he says that "mercury removes all kinds of venereal mischief, unaided and surely," only the preparation must be of the best kind, that is, a preparation of his own—the soluble mercury of Hahnemann. His homœopathic doctrines, together with his theory of diseases and of doses, were fully propounded in his "Organon der Heilkunst" in 1810. The last edition, published in 1833, consists of two hundred and ninety-four sections. According to the testimony of Dr. Sharp, a homœopathic essayist, this work is written in so hypothetical and metaphorical a style that it has not made a single convert, and "homœopathists acknowledge that much of it is beyond their comprehension."—(Sharp's Essays, p. 240.) His enigmatical language concerning "spiritual dynamic derangements," and the hypothetical assumptions by which he attempts to explain his own views and to rebut the belief of ages, remind one of the enthusiasm and bombast of Paracelsus.—(Ibid. p. 242.) Whate'er he weighs not, has no weight for him. He attributes all diseases to three miasms—psora, sycosis, and syphilis. His fundamental doctrine is, that disease is best cured by medicine capable of producing a similar disease in the healthy. Hence, homœopathy; and hence, similia similibus curantur. But medicines that produce such symptoms also aggravate them; this of course must be done as little as possible—hence infinitesimal doses. Hahnemann preferred the thirtieth dilution, that is the decillionth of a grain, or of a drop of medicine as a dose. The first dilution is one in a hundred; the second, one in ten thousand; and so on to the thirtieth, which is one in a decillionth. To show how little we can comprehend such an attenuation, we may state that if all the moments that have passed since Adam's creation be multiplied by seven millions, we fall far short of a decillion. By diluting and shaking the medicine, Hahnemann supposed it to be "spiritualized" or "dynamized." He first directed ten shakes, but finding this dangerous he reduced them to two.—(Organon, p. 325.) His discrimination must have been fine indeed, for he says, "I have very often seen a decillionth dilution produce pretty nearly just half as much effect as the quintillionth."—(Organon, p. 328.) In his latter years he deemed it safer and more efficacious to direct his patients to smell at a phial containing a dried globule of the decillionth dilution.—(Organon, 1833, p. 332.) Festina lenté—
" And doing nothing often has prevailed
When ten physicians have prescribed and failed."
Many of Hahnemann's professed followers would be repudiated by him, for he asserts that it is "a therapeutic axiom not to be refuted by all the experience in the world, that the best dose is always the smallest," and that "he who does not walk exactly on the same line with me is an apostate and a traitor." He left Leipsic because the law of the land opposed his facts; and he left Cöthen in 1835 with his wife, forty-five years his junior, in order to practise in Paris, where his professional income is said to have amounted to 200,000 francs per annum. He died in Paris on the 4th of July, 1843.—G. M.
HAID, the name of a family of German engravers, chiefly in mezzotint, of whom the following are the most distinguished:—
Johann Lorenz Haid, born in 1702, was a pupil of G. P. Rugendas. His best mezzotints appeared in the publications of G. Heissens. He died in 1750.—His son, Johann Philipp Haid—born in 1730; died in 1806—engraved a large number of portraits in mezzotint, and, though without any special originality, contributed his share to the family celebrity.
Johann Gottfried Haid, brother and pupil of Johann Lorenz, was born at Augsburg in 1710. He resided for a time in England, and executed several plates for Alderman Boydell. He also executed a great many both before he came to England and after his return to Germany. He died in 1770.
Johann Jakob Haid was born at Süssen, near Ulm, in 1704; was a scholar of J. E. Riedinger; and settled in Augsburg, where he died in 1767. His prints are very numerous—nearly three hundred in all; a large proportion of them are portraits, many being included in the "Pinacotheca Scriptorum," a series of one hundred portraits of the illustrious personages of the age, with lives by G. Brucker, 2 vols. folio, 1741-55.
Johann Elias Haid, son and scholar of Johann Jakob Haid, was born at Augsburg in 1739, and died there in 1809. He engraved a great number of plates, the majority being portraits of celebrated Germans.—J. T—e.
* HAIDINGER, Wilhelm, a German geologist, mineralogist, and physicist, son of Karl Haidinger, also a geologist, was born at Vienna, on the 5th of February, 1795. He studied mineralogy under the celebrated Mohs, at Grätz and Freiberg. From 1822 to 1826, he resided chiefly with Mr. Allan, a banker in Edinburgh, with whose son he travelled over various parts of Europe. From 1827 to 1840 he assisted his brothers in conducting a porcelain work at Elnbogen. He is a member of the Imperial Board of Agriculture and Mines, director of the Imperial Geological Institution, a member of the Academy of Sciences of Vienna, and of other scientific bodies. His geological and mineralogical writings have been published chiefly at Leipsic and Vienna, at various periods from 1829 to the present time. Some of them have appeared in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, vol. x.; in those of the Wernerian Society for 1822-23; in the Edinburgh Philosophical Journal; and in Brewster's Journal of Science, since 1824; and in Poggendorf's Annalen, since 1828. He has studied attentively the phenomena of polarized light, and was the first discoverer of those interesting appearances since called "Haidinger's brushes."—(See Poggendorff's Ann., 1844-46.)—R.
HAILES, Lord. See Dalrymple.
HAILLAN, Bernard de Girard, Seigneur du, born at Bordeaux in 1535; died in 1610. Educated a Calvinist, he conformed to the religion of the state in 1555; visited England in the suite of François de Noailles, bishop of Acqs, in 1556; and in 1557 attended him as secretary on an embassy to Venice. He was appointed historiographer of France, and published several works on the history and antiquities of France, the most important of which is "Histoire Generale des Rois de France" from Pharamond to Charles VII. He also published poems. He was the first of the French historians who abandoned the old style of the chroniclers, and whose narration of events was connected not by their mere sequence in order of time, but by what he regarded as their influencing causes. This, we think, diminishes the value of his works.—J. A., D.
HAINES, Joseph, was a witty and clever comic actor of the reigns of James II. and William III. Of his birth and parentage nothing is known. He was educated at the school of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, where his progress was so remarkable that a number of gentlemen subscribed money to send him to Queen's college, Oxford. While at the university he gained the regard of Sir Joseph Williamson, who, on being appointed minister plenipotentiary to the conference at Ryswick, made Haines his Latin secretary. Some indiscreet revelations in common conversation obliged the ambassador to dismiss his secretary. He gave him, however, recommendations to one of the heads of Cambridge university, by whom Haines was kindly received. But acting had more attractions for the ex-secretary than learning; and a company of players coming to perform at Stourbridge fair, Haines yielded to the temptation their life and society offered, and became one of them. He was subsequently advanced to Drury Lane theatre, where his fun and drollery in the performance of low comedy made him a favourite of the town. He was one of the early players of the character of Bayes in the Rehearsal, and looked and dressed Dryden admirably. He died 4th April, 1701. Amusing stories of his habit of practical joking will be found in Davis' Dramatic Miscellanies.—R. H.
HAJEK. See Hagek.
HAKEM-BAMRILLAH, Al. See Alhakem.
HAKEWILL, George, a distinguished English divine, was born at Exeter in 1579. He entered in 1595 St. Alban's hall, Oxford, and obtained a fellowship at Exeter college. Taking orders, he resided for some time on the continent. On his return in 1611 he received the degree of doctor in divinity. In the following year he published a work entitled "Scutum Regium adversus omnes Regicidas et Regicidarum Patronos." He then became chaplain to Prince Charles, and in 1616 archdeacon of Surrey. While residing at court in 1621, he wrote a pamphlet against the proposed marriage of the prince with the Infanta.
