which, shown in manuscript to the king, so much provoked the wrath of the latter that the author was deprived of his chaplaincy, apprehended, and for a short time imprisoned. The storm, however, soon blew past, and he was presented with the rectory of Heanton, near Barnstaple. Retiring to his parsonage house, he wrote there "An Apologie or Declaration of the Power and Providence of God in the Government of the World," published at Oxford in 1627 in four folio volumes. In this work he endeavours to show that mankind have not degenerated in modern times. "It is," says Dugald Stewart, "plainly the production of an uncommonly liberal and enlightened mind; well stored with various and choice learning collected both from ancient and modern authors." In 1641 Dr. Hakewill was elected rector of Exeter college. He resided little at Oxford. In 1648 he submitted as a member of the university to parliament, and retained his place. He died at Heanton in 1649.—G. B—y.
HAKLUYT, Richard, was descended from a family established since the thirteenth century in Herefordshire. The name is indifferently spelt in old documents, Hackluit, Hackluite, Hakelute, Hakelut, Hakeluyt, Hakeluytt, and Hakkluyt; the seat of the house was at Yatton. Richard was born about 1553; the place of his nativity is doubtful. He was educated at Westminster school, where we have his own authority for stating that he was a queen's scholar; and in 1570 he removed to Christ Church. On the 19th February, 1574, he was admitted B.A., and on the 27th June he obtained his master's degree. While he had been at Westminster, he was in the habit of paying frequent visits to his cousin and namesake, a member of the Middle temple, and an ardent inquirer in geographical and cosmographical pursuits; and these visits had the effect of inspiring the schoolboy with an enthusiasm of the same sort. Cousin Richard had spared no trouble in explaining his own favourite science to his pupil; and the latter resolved, to use his own words, "If ever he were preferred to the university, where better time and more convenient place might be ministered for these studies, to prosecute, by God's assistance, that knowledge and kind of literature, the doors whereof, after a sort, were so happily opened before him." Hakluyt, on his removal to Oxford, religiously kept this resolution by a diligent and indefatigable study of the writers on the subject he had so dearly at heart in various European languages; and it appears from his own account, that some time prior to 1589, he delivered at Oxford certain lectures illustrative of cosmography and geography. Impressed with a sense of the importance of diffusing as widely as possible a knowledge of the history and value of maritime enterprise, he afterwards used his influence with Walsingham, Drake, and Howard of Effingham in the endeavour to procure the foundation of a lectureship on geography and the kindred sciences in London; but the suggestion received, it seems, little attention. Two letters addressed to Walsingham in 1584, published in the Archæologia, bear on this point. It appears pretty certain that Hakluyt, notwithstanding his failure in that particular case, was soon regarded as an authority on maritime questions, and enjoyed a high reputation as a zealous, disinterested labourer in this comparatively new field of investigation. In 1582 the publication of "Divers Voyages touching the Discoverie of America," &c., importantly helped no doubt to make his name known in useful quarters; and in 1583 he was named chaplain to the British embassy at Paris, of which post he was in expectation, if not already in possession, when he declined to accompany Sir Humphrey Gilbert on his last expedition to Newfoundland. Hakluyt did not return to England till 1588, and in the meantime, through the queen's favour, a prebendal stall at Bristol had fallen to him. In April, 1590, he added to this preferment the rectory of Wetheringsett in Suffolk; and finally in 1605 (this date is somewhat conjectural) he was promoted to a stall at Westminster. The only occasion on which Hakluyt is known to have been absent from England, was between 1583 and 1588; otherwise the incidents of his peaceful and valuable life were varied merely by his literary labours. We know neither whom nor when he married; but the date of 1590 is generally assigned to that event. One son was the fruit of the union. In 1606 the prebendary of Westminster became one of the patentees of the London or South Virginian Company. He died on the 23rd November, 1616, and was buried in St. Peter's church in the Abbey on the 26th. The best edition of Hakluyt's "Collection" is that which was formed by Mr. Evans in 1809-12 from a collation of the old copies. No one was held in more general respect and estimation than the amiable and accomplished author. His relations with Sir R. Cecil, with Walsingham, Sir Philip Sydney, and other celebrated men of the day, were of a character honourable to all parties concerned; among his correspondents we find such names as Ortelius and Mercator. Besides his great work, Hakluyt published the "Divers Voyages," 1582; a history of four voyages to Florida, translated from the French of Basanier (which had been previously printed at his own cost during his residence in France), 1587—the book was dedicated to Raleigh; "Anghiera De Orbe Novo," with a map, 1587, which was subsequently translated into English by Michael Lok. n.d.; "Virginia Richly Valued, from the Portuguese of De Souto," 1609, and, with a different title, 1611. He also gave to the press an English version from an unknown pen of Galvani's Discoveries, 1601, and encouraged Grondelle in 1612 to translate Lescarbet's Histoire de la Nouvelle France. Among the Selden MSS. in the Bodleian are three pamphlets by Hakluyt, which will be found in a printed shape in the excellent edition of "Divers Voyages," by Mr. Winter Jones, produced in 1850 under the auspices of the Hakluyt Society, which, with Hakluyt's Headland, preserves, even unto Englishmen of the nineteenth century, the memory of an illustrious name.—W. C H.
HALDANE, James Alexander, was the younger son of Captain James Haldane of Airthrey, and was born at Dundee, July 14, 1768, a few days after the death of his father. His mother not many years after followed her husband to the grave, and their orphan sons were placed under the guardianship of their maternal uncles, Colonel Duncan of Lundie and Admiral Adam Duncan, the future hero of Camperdown, in whose house they chiefly resided. They were sent to the grammar-school at Dundee, and afterwards to Edinburgh, where they boarded with the celebrated Dr. Adams, rector of the high school, of which they became pupils. They afterwards attended some sessions at the university. James being destined for the sea, was, in 1785, placed on board the Duke of Montrose East Indiaman, as a midshipman. During the eight succeeding years he made four voyages to the East, and acquired the character not only of a first-class naval officer, but also of a man of undaunted courage and resolution. In 1793 he became commander of the Melville Castle, and married soon after. In the close of the same year he was preparing for another voyage to India, but was detained till April, 1794, by a mutiny which had broken out in the East India fleet. During the interval a great change passed over Mr. Haldane's mind. Having much time on his hands he sought to improve it by reading, and among other books he was led to study the Bible much more seriously and carefully than he had ever done before. The result was that he sold his command of the Melville Castle, and retired with his wife to Scotland, where he intended to settle as a country gentleman. As his religious convictions deepened, however, he resolved to commence preaching. His first sermon was delivered in the schoolhouse at Gilmerton, a hamlet near Edinburgh. This was followed by his energetically throwing himself into a movement which some pious laymen in the city had inaugurated, having for its object the religious instruction of the masses, especially in the rural districts; he addressed large audiences on the Calton Hill, Bruntsfield Links, or in the King's Park, and made extensive preaching tours through different parts of the country. These efforts excited much commotion, and means were used in various quarters to put them down by force, but Mr. Haldane withstood alike popular violence and magistratical interference, and proved a bulwark and buckler to those with whom he was associated. He and his brethren traversed a great part of Scotland, both on the mainland and in the northern and western islands; and in all places his zealous and faithful efforts were followed with large success. A great religious awakening was the result, which rapidly spread over the country, and the pulsations of which have not yet quite subsided. Among other schemes which Mr. Haldane, aided by his brother Mr. Robert Haldane, had adopted for extending the preaching of the gospel, was the opening of the circus, a large place of public amusement capable of holding above two thousand five hundred people, for preaching. It was opened by the famous Rowland Hill for this purpose on the 29th July, 1798, and continued to be attended by crowded audiences for several months. This led to the formation, in December, 1798, of a congregational ist church in that place, of which Mr. Haldane soon after was persuaded to become pastor. He was ordained on the 3rd of February, 1799. In the course of the following year a building was commenced by Mr. Robert
