Haldane for the accommodation of the congregation to which his brother ministered. To this, which was opened on the 9th of July, 1801, the name of the Tabernacle was given, and hence arose the designation which the christians associated with Mr. Haldane sometimes received, "the Tabernacle connection." This place was capable of holding upwards of three thousand people, and when first opened was crowded at all the services. This continued for a considerable time; but ultimately differences of opinion on some points of church order, led to division among the members of the church, and to the secession of considerable numbers of those who had at first cordially co-operated with Mr. Haldane. The adoption by the latter of Baptist sentiments led to still further controversies and secessions, until at length the congregation was so diminished that it became expedient to contract the portion of the building allotted to the purposes of public worship. By running a floor across under the upper gallery, a place capable of accommodating about eight hundred was formed, and in this Mr. Haldane continued to minister till his death. Though occupying a less prominent place than at first in the public eye, he continued with unabated zeal and diligence to prosecute the work to which he had devoted his life. He took a prominent part in the controversy regarding the apocrypha, in the controversy raised by Mr. Irving's views regarding the person and work of Christ, in the voluntary controversy, and in the controversy on the atonement. His latest publication was an "Exposition of the Epistle to the Galatians," and he left in MS. an "Exposition of the Epistle to the Hebrews," which has since been published. As a writer he displayed great vigour of thought and a good command of language; and though in controversy he was somewhat keen, he never transgressed the bounds of courtesy and fairness. On the 12th of February, 1849, a large meeting was held to celebrate the completion of the fiftieth year of his pastorate. His death took place on the 8th of February, 1851, and on the 14th he was buried amidst tokens of public respect of the most marked kind, not fewer than six hundred ministers, elders, and members of different christian communities following in procession his remains to the grave, and all the shops being shut along the line of streets leading from his house in Drummond Place to the West Churchyard, where he was interred.—W. L. A.
HALDANE, Robert, the elder brother of James Alexander Haldane, was born in London on the 28th of February, 1764. By the death of his father he succeeded to the estate of Airthrey, near Stirling. Whilst engaged in his studies at college he somewhat unexpectedly broke away from them, and in the spring of 1780 entered the royal navy as a midshipman. His first ship was the Monarch, then commanded by his uncle. Lord Duncan; from this he was transferred in 1781 to the Foudroyant, of which Jervis, the future Earl St. Vincent, was captain, and under him he gained distinction in the famous action with the Pegasus on the night of the 19th of April. For the next two years he was actively employed in various departments of naval service, when the peace of 1783 brought his career in the navy to a close. For some months after quitting his ship he remained at Gosport, where he enjoyed the society and received the instructions of the Rev. Dr. Bogue, to whom he was much attached. The two succeeding winters were spent at the Edinburgh university, the intervening summer being devoted to a tour with Dr. Bogue through France and Flanders. In the spring of 1785 he made an extensive tour through Europe, on his return from which in the following year, he married and settled at his paternal residence of Airthrey. And now began his proper life, that career of usefulness and intellectual effort which has given him the place he occupies in public esteem. The excitement produced by the French revolution stirred his mind to serious thought and inquiry. First questions of a political and social kind engaged his attention, but these speedily gave place to those connected with christianity. Animated by the same spirit which led his brother to become a preacher, he set himself to promote by every means in his power the extension of the knowledge of the gospel. His first great project was a mission to Bengal, of which he was to bear the whole expense, but obstacles cast in the way by the Indian government at home compelled its ultimate abandonment. He next carried out the intention of selling his estate, which was a part of this project, and threw himself with all his energy and resources into those movements in which his brother was already embarked. Besides erecting the Tabernacle in Edinburgh for his brother's congregation, he erected buildings on a similar plan in many towns and villages throughout Scotland; and he planned and established at his own expense an institution for the training of young men of talents and piety for the ministry. In this way large sums of money were expended by him, and important results were secured. After some time his zeal sought scope in evangelistic efforts on the continent of Europe, especially in Switzerland and the south of France. Establishing himself in Geneva, he commenced by various means to assail the predominant rationalism which had usurped the pulpit and the chair of Calvin and Beza. He even acted the part of a teacher to those of the students whom he could persuade to attend his prelections, and for their benefit he delivered a series of expository lectures on the Epistle to the Romans, the nucleus of a work which afterwards, in a more matured state, he published in English. His labours were crowned with surprising success; a body of talented and devoted young men embraced his doctrines and imbibed his spirit; and whatever benefit the church has reaped from the labours of Malan, Monod, Gaussen, D'Aubigné, must in great part be attributed to the labours of Mr. Haldane. From Geneva he went to Montauban, where he prepared for the press his lectures on the Romans in French, and engaged in labours similar to those which had occupied him at Geneva. On his return to Scotland in 1819 he resumed the position of a private gentleman, dividing his time between Edinburgh and his estate of Auchingray, which he had purchased some years before, and to the improvement of which he devoted himself with much energy. Pursuits of a literary and religious kind, however, principally occupied his thoughts and time. He came frequently before the public in controversy, for which he possessed singular powers. The more copious fruits of his literary labour are two large volumes on the Evidence and Authority of Divine revelation, of which the first edition had appeared in a small form in 1816, but of which an enlarged edition, worthy to be styled a new work, appeared in 1834, and which in 1843 reached a third; and his Commentary on the Romans, in three volumes, which appeared first in 1835, and has been repeatedly republished. Both of these works have been translated into French, the latter also into German. Mr. Haldane died on the 12th December, 1842. The equal of his brother in force of character, and resembling him in his conscientious and pious zeal, he surpassed him in intellectual power and resources, and was altogether a man worthy of honour and admiration.—W. L. A.
HALDAT DU LYS, Charles Nicolas Alexandre de, a French physicist, was born at Bourmont in Lorraine on the 24th of December, 1770, and died at Nancy on the 26th of November, 1832. His descent from one of the brothers of Joan Darc is marked by the surname Du Lys, conferred on that family by Charles VII. He was a doctor of medicine and military surgeon, and held successively the appointments of teacher of physical science in the Ecole centrale of the Department of the Meurthe, and professor of physics in the Lyceum of Nancy. He was for a long time secretary of the Academy of Sciences, Literature, and Arts of Nancy, and took a leading part in the re-establishment of that institution in 1803, after its existence had been suspended for a time by the revolutionary troubles. He was a correspondent of the French Academy of Sciences, and wrote some papers on magnetism, electricity, and the physiology of vision.—W. J. M. R.
HALDE, John Baptist Du. See Duhalde.
HALDENWANG, Christian, a distinguished German landscape engraver, was born at Durlach in Baden, May 14, 1771; and having passed through the school of design in his native town, was placed in the engraving establishment of C. von Mechel at Basle. He afterwards turned his attention for a while to the aquatinta process Some prints executed in this manner procured him an invitation to Dessau in 1796. In 1803 he removed to Karlsruhe on being appointed court engraver. Haldenwang was a very industrious as well as able man, and produced a large number of excellent plates. His style in line-engraving was formed on that of Woollett, but wants the masculine vigour and exquisite characterization of surface of the great Englishman. Among his best known plates are the "Four Periods of the Day," after Claude, and two "Waterfalls" after Ruysdael, in the Musée Napoleon; the "Flight into Egypt," after Elzheimer; and others after G. Poussin, Paul Potter, &c. He also executed many small book plates. He died at Rippoldsau, June 27, 1831.—J. T—e.
HALE, Adam de la, a troubadour, was born at Arras, probably in 1240, and died at Naples between 1285 and 1287.
