again at Easter to meet his Redeemer. The desire was accomplished; on the day week of his last appearance in public, on the anniversary of the production of "Messiah," on Good Friday, 1759, late in the afternoon, the great musician breathed his last.
Handel had requested that he might be buried in Westminster abbey, and that he might have a monument erected there to his memory, bequeathing the sum of £600 to defray its cost. His funeral accordingly took place there on the 24th of April, and it was attended by a concourse of three thousand persons. The monument which stands over his grave in Poet's Comer was the last work in England—as that of the composer, sculptured for Vauxhall, was the first—which Roubilliac executed. In 1784, which was supposed to be the centenary of the musician's birth, George III. commanded the famous commemoration of Handel in Westminster abbey, and the immense interest it excited induced several annual repetitions of this homage to the master's memory. In 1859—the centenary of the musician's death—another, and by far the most magnificent commemoration of Handel, took place at the Crystal palace, which was preceded by an experiment festival in 1857. The original MSS. of nearly the whole of Handel's works were bequeathed by him to the elder Smith, who left them to his son, and he presented them to George III., from whom they have descended to Queen Victoria; and they are now preserved in Buckingham palace.—G. A. M.
HANDYSIDE, William, a Scottish engineer, was born in Edinburgh in 1793. He studied with a view to becoming an architect; but abandoned that profession to enter the engine-works of his uncle, Baird of St. Petersburg. Most of the important works afterwards undertaken by Baird for the Russian government were executed under the superintendence of Handyside, and, amongst others, the engines of the earliest steamboats used on the Neva; four suspension bridges, designed by Betancourt; ingenious and original machinery for making armour and military accoutrements; and the extraordinary combination of stone, iron, copper, and bronze in the colonnade and dome of the cathedral of St. Isaac, designed by Monferrand. In the construction of all those works Handyside showed consummate skill. Having returned to Scotland to recruit his health, he died in Edinburgh on the 20th of May, 1850.—W. J. M. R.
* HANFSTÆNGEL, Franz, a distinguished German lithographer, was born in 1804 at Bayernrain in Upper Bavaria. He went young to Munich, where he studied under Professor Mitterer, and was for five years in the art-academy under Langer. He executed several portraits of eminent Germans, and in 1828 a series of prints from the pictures in the Leuchtenberg gallery, besides many separate drawings. From 1829 to 1834, he was professor in the academy at Munich, when he removed for a time to Paris. His great work—of its kind the most important both for size and value yet executed in lithography—"the Principal Pictures in the Royal Gallery, Dresden" (Die vorzüglichsten Gemälde der Königlichen Galerie in Dresden), appeared in large folio during 1836-52.—J. T—e.
HANGER, George, best known as Colonel Hanger, born in 1750, was the third son of the first Lord Coleraine, to whose title he afterwards succeeded as fourth lord. He went young into the army, and served throughout the American war, but could never afterwards obtain active employmnent. In 1795 he published a work entitled "Reflections on the Defence of London;" and another on the same subject in 1804, in which he ridiculed the idea that our shores were safe from invasion as long as our ships held the mastery of the sea. In 1801 appeared his "Life, Adventures, and Opinions," a book which we find was translated into German the year after at Berlin. Colonel Hanger was one of the characters of his day, and well known in convivial society, where his eccentric humours were a constant source of amusement, and his sallies, though sufficiently broad, seldom gave offence. At one time he was intimate with the Prince of Wales, but was afterwards avoided by him, we are told, as being "too coarse." His books contain Information as well as whimsicality; as a specimen of the latter quality, we may mention that one of them has a plate of himself hung on a gallows. On the death of his brother in 1814 he would not, for some reason of his own, assume the title, and greatly disliked to be addressed by it. He died at his house in London in 1824.—J. W. F.
* HANKA, Wenzeslaus or Waclaw, a celebrated Bohemian antiquarian, philologist, and poet, whose name has been for a number of years familiar to the students of his national literature, was born, June 10, 1791, at Horenowes, an obscure village in eastern Bohemia. He was the son of a farmer, who took so little care of his education, that he only sent him to school in winter, a custom by no means uncommon among the peasantry of several continental countries. The future scholar and poet spent most of his time in keeping sheep. He, however, exhibited considerable aptitude for learning, and acquired a knowledge of the Servian and Polish languages from some soldiers. It may be remarked that these languages have a close affinity to the Bohemian, which is a Sclavonic dialect. Hanka was first sent to school at Königgrätz, where German was the language commonly used in the school, although he was almost ignorant of it. He was next a pupil in the Latin school at Prague, where he also entered the university, and studied philosophy. His attachment to the Bohemian language, led him to project and form a society for the study of it at Prague. From Prague he went to Vienna, where he studied law. Here he started a Bohemian periodical. His zeal for the Sclavonic literature, and his earnestness in seeking for remains of the old Bohemian literature in particular, attracted the notice of the learned Dobrowsky, so well known for his studies in the same department. The Bohemian museum at Prague was founded about 1817, and Hanka was chosen as the librarian. About the same time he wrote his first volume of poetry, under the title of "Hankowy Pisne." He also commenced the publication of the Starobyla Skladonie, a collection of Bohemian poetry of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, of which five volumes appeared from 1817 to 1825. The discovery of the Königinhof (Queen's court) manuscript added greatly to his reputation. It was found on September 16, 1817, in the tower of the church of Königinhof, and turned out to be a collection of epical and lyrical poems of the thirteenth century in the Bohemian language. Of the manuscript thus accidentally discovered he obtained possession, but transferred it to the museum of which he was librarian. This manuscript has been the subject of much discussion; and while some have referred it to pagan times, others have doubted its genuineness, and suspected Hanka of being a second Chatterton. Be this as it may, the pieces are of rare interest, and the original document is one of the most precious in the Bohemian museum. These poems were published under the title of "Kralodworsky Rucopis," with a German translation by Professor Swoboda, first in 1818, and again in 1829. The success of these poems was very great, and versions of them have been made into almost all the languages of Europe. Sir J. Bowring rendered some of them into English in 1843, and Mr. Wratislaw published a translation of them all in 1852. Other documents discovered by Hanka have been also called in question, as the judgment of Libussa, and a version of St. John's Gospel; but the controversy has been decided in his favour. The version of St. John, believed to be of the tenth century at latest, is regarded as the most ancient specimen of Bohemian extant. Hanka has written a treatise on Bohemian orthography, and one on grammar; and he has completed the German-Bohemian dictionary begun by Dobrowsky, and continued by Puchmayer. He has also published translations from the Servian and German, a short history of the Sclavonic races, and many articles for the journals. He is eminent as a numismatist and palæographer, and has edited the Sclavonic version of the gospels of the eleventh century from the famous manuscript at Rheims, the "Sazaro Emmantinum Evangelium," printed at Prague in 1846. His services as a librarian have been great, and have extended over more than forty years; but he is best known as one of the greatest names in modern Bohemian literature.—B. H. C.
HANKIUS, Martin, vas born at Breslau in 1633. Hankius was a great reader and investigator, as is shown by his works; among which we may name "De Byzantinarum Rerum Scriptoribus Græcis Liber," 4to, Leipsic, 1677, and "De Romanorum Rerum Scriptoribus," 1669-75. Besides these he wrote works on Silesian history, harangues, comedies, and poems. He died at Breslau in the year 1700.—B. H. C.
HANMER, Meredith, was born in 1543. He was fellow and chaplain of Corpus Christi college, Oxford. He held the livings of St. Leonard, Shoreditch, and of Islington. He resigned his parishes in 1590, and went to Ireland, where he died in 1604—some say by his own hands. He is accused of the wanton destruction of the brasses in St. Leonard's church. He wrote against the jesuits, and compiled a Chronicle of Ireland. His
