best work is his translation into English of the ecclesiastical histories of Eusebius, Socrates, Evagrius, and Dorotheus, to which he added a "Chronographie," London, 1576-77, folio.—B. H. C.
HANMER, Sir Thomas, chiefly known as the "Oxford Editor" of Shakspeare, was born on the 24th September, 1677, at Bettesford Park, Flintshire, and was educated at Westminster school and Christ church, Oxford. On his first appearance in the great world, he captivated the affections of the widow of the first duke of Grafton, and his marriage with her gave him a considerable social status. He sat in the house of commons for many years, and was the leader of the high church tories, a position which gave him no small political influence. He was speaker of the house during the parliament of 1713-15. In 1727, disappointed in his later political expectations, he retired into private life, and devoted himself chiefly to the preparation of an edition of Shakspeare, published in 1744, and presented by him to the university of Oxford, in which city it was printed. He died at Mildenhall in Suffolk on the 7th of May, 1746. In the preface to his own edition of the great poet, Johnson has praised the editorial sense, industry, and discernment of Hanmer, whose Latin epitaph he paraphrased in sonorous English verse. The correspondence of Sir Thomas Hanmer was published in 1838, with a well-written and instructive memoir of him by the editor, Sir Henry Bunbury.—F. E.
HANN, James, a distinguished English mathematician, was born about 1799, and died in London on the 17th of August, 1856. In his youth he had to struggle against many difficulties and hardships in the pursuit of knowledge. At length he obtained the appointment of teacher of mathematics in King's College school, which he held until the time of his death. His best known works are—"Mathematics for Practical Men," London, 1833; a treatise on the "Theory of Bridges," published by Mr. Weale, in a collection of writings on that subject, in 1843; and a treatise on the "Theory of the Steam Engine." They are all marked by conscientious industry and exactness, and sound mathematical knowledge.—W. J. M. R.
* HANNA, William, LL.D., was born in Belfast in 1808, where his father was a much-esteemed presbyterian clergyman. He attended school in Belfast, and completed his studies, for the Established Church of Scotland, in the university of Glasgow, where he highly distinguished himself. In 1835 he was appointed to the charge of the parish of East Kilbride, in the lower ward of Lanarkshire, married one of the Rev. Dr. Chalmers' daughters in 1836, and was removed in 1837 to Skirling, in the upper ward of the same county. At the disruption of 1843 he left the Established Church. The year 1846-47 found him engaged as editor of the North British Review, in which position he succeeded Edward Maitland, Esq., advocate. The death of his father-in-law was the occasion of his removal to Edinburgh, where he was employed in editing the posthumous works of that great divine and social economist till 1850, when he entered on the duties of colleague to the Rev. Dr. Guthrie in St. John's church. Dr. Hanna is best known as the biographer of Dr. Chalmers. The Memoirs were originally published in four volumes, the first of which appeared in 1849. In 1860 he published a sermon, on "The Church and its Living Head," which created some discussion on what is held to be one of the distinctive principles of the Free Church; and in the same year his work on "Wickliffe and the Huguenots" appeared. It may be noted that there is a marked contrast between his pulpit ministrations and those of his celebrated colleague. Dr. Guthrie. His mind is highly culvated, and his style is elegant and impressive.—J. J. M.
* HANNAY, James, novelist, essayist, and journalist, was born at Dumfries on the 17th of February, 1827, the son of a banker there. Educated privately, he was designed for the navy, and in the March of 1840 joined H.M.S. Cambridge, 78, ordered to the Mediterranean. When the Cambridge arrived off Beyrout, the war with Egypt was at its height, and then and afterwards Mr. Hannay reaped a rich harvest of naval and other experiences in the Levant, which have been turned to frequent account in his writings. Leaving the navy in 1845, he began a literary career in the metropolis as a reporter on the Morning Chronicle. In 1848, appeared his first work, "Biscuits and Grog;" like its sequel of the same year, "A Claret Cup," consisting of sketches of life afloat. More serious in its aim, though equally light in its style, was "King Dobbs," also published in 1848, and one of the cleverest of Mr. Hannay's minor prose pieces. In 1849 he published "Hearts are Trumps;" in 1850, his first three volume novel, "Singleton Fonteny, R.N." (which reached a second edition in 1854); "The Vision of the Vatican;" and "Blackwood versus Carlyle, a vindication by a Carlylean," provoked by an attack in Blackwood's Magazine on Mr Carlyle's Latter-Day Pamphlets and philosophy generally. To 1854 belongs the publication of "Satire and Satirists," a series of lectures delivered during the preceding year in London, and to 1855 his second three-volume novel "Eustace Conyers," which reached a second edition in 1857, and has been translated into German. In 1857 Mr. Hannay contested spiritedly but unsuccessfully, on semi-Derbyite semi-Carlylean principles, the Dumfries burghs. From the establishment of the Illustrated Times, onward to his acceptance in 1860 of the editorship of the Edinburgh Evening Courant, Mr. Hannay wrote the political articles of the former journal. He has also contributed to the Athenæum, Daily News, &c., and to the Westminster and Quarterly Reviews.—F. E.
HANNEMAN, Adrian, a good Dutch portrait-painter, born at the Hague in 1610. He visited this country in the time of Charles I., and was a good imitator of Vandyck, to whom several of Hanneman's works are now doubtless attributed. He returned to the Hague, and died there in 1680. Among his portraits is one of Charles II. before his restoration; and he painted many of the ruling family of Holland of his time.—R. N. W.
HANNIBAL: born 247 b.c.; died 183 b.c. In the space of this notice we can only indicate the outlines of a career which centres within itself the history of the most memorable struggle of antiquity. "When my father Hamilcar," Hannibal told Antiochus long years after, "was setting out for the war in Spain, and the omens were favourable, he called me—then a boy of nine years—to his side, and bade me lay my hand on the sacrifice and swear before the altar nunquam esse in amicitia cum Romanis: and I took and kept that vow." It is our earliest glimpse of the præsidium et decus of a family who might have taken for the motto on their crest the words of that oath. The first Punic war was the first act of the conquest of the Mediterranean; it had given the Romans a footing in Spain, and the ascendancy over Sicily. The victors, watchful of their opportunity, took advantage of the mutiny of the Carthaginian mercenaries, and some alleged infractions of the treaty, to extort the cession of the island Sardinia. Hamilcar, by whose energy the revolted allies of Carthage were subjugated, led an army into Spain, and fell in battle (229 b.c.) in the midst of a triumphant career among the tribes between the Tagus and the Douro. Rome was involved in the terrors of a Gallic invasion during the greater part of the time in which his son-in-law, Hasdrubal, was following up his conquests; and when on Hasdrubal's death (221 b.c.), Hannibal at the age of twenty-six was raised to the command of the army, two campaigns were sufficient to bring under his yoke the whole of the country south of the Iberus—a river which had, according to convention, been agreed upon as the limit of these encroachments. But one of the earliest acts of the new commander showed how little he was inclined to respect engagements entered into under compulsion and enforced by fear. He judged that the time had come to throw aside the mask of submission. Since Hamilcar set foot in Spain, Carthage had been husbanding her resources while extending her dominion. Twelve years earlier she had been anxious at any price to keep the peace—now she was eager on any pretext to renew the war. Suddenly in 219 b.c. Hannibal attacked Saguntum, one of the allies of Rome, whose security had been provided for by the conditions of a former treaty. It was defended with the inalienable heroism of northern Spain; but it was defended in vain against a leader who had already added to more than the hereditary genius of his race their hereditary experience in arms. The town held out for eight months; and when all hope was past, the chiefs kindled a great fire in the forum, and died as Sardanapalus is reported to have died. The gage thus thrown down was taken up by the Romans, who on receipt of the unexpected news sent an embassy to Carthage, to demand that the authors of the outrage should be delivered up to their vengeance. The refusal of this demand was followed by a regular declaration of war. By this time Hannibal, enriched with the spoils of Saguntum, was vigorously preparing for the invasion of Italy, which he seems from the first to have contemplated. His design was encouraged by a dream, in which his country's gods appeared to inspire him
