Having married a lady whose father had been Lord North's tutor, he obtained from that minister the appointment of solicitor or counsel to the treasury, and held the office until he was expelled by Mr. Pitt for presuming to differ on the regency question. In the administration of the "talents" he received a silk gown, and soon after became recorder of Liverpool. His fame rests upon his law arguments in heavy and abstruse cases, notably in the negro James Summerset's case, in which his advocacy of the "sacred soil of Britain" doctrine was established by Lord Mansfield; the great Thelusson will case; the Chirk Castle or Middleton case. These are published in his "Juridical Arguments" and "Jurisconsult Exercitations." Besides these works he published an edition of the treatise "On the Jurisdiction of the Lords' House of Parliament," by Sir M. Hale, 1736, with a learned preface, longer than the treatise itself, by the editor, who promised a complete edition of Sir M. Hale's works. He also commenced the edition of the State Trials, carried on by Howell, and an edition of Coke on Lyttleton, completed by Butler; and other law tracts and pamphlets. He was a great collector of MSS. and rare books. His collection of MSS. was purchased by the nation in 1813 for £8000, and deposited in the British museum. In the latter portion of his life he was afflicted with mental aberration.—S. H. G.
* HARGRAVES, Edmund Hammond, the virtual discoverer of the Australian gold-fields, was born at Gosport about 1816. His father was a lieutenant of militia. At fourteen he went to sea on board a merchant vessel, and saw, literally, a great deal of the world. At eighteen he was a squatter in Australia, whence in 1849 he was attracted to California, by the news of the discovery of abundant gold in that distant region. While exploring the Californian gold-fields, he was struck, though not a man of science, by the resemblance of their physical and geological aspect to that of districts which he recollected in Australia, whither he resolved to return, and verify his suspicions that gold was to be found there in abundance. Reaching Sydney at the beginning of 1851, he set out alone, and crossed the Blue Mountains to Guyong, the physical features of which he remembered, having visited it eighteen years before. Proceeding with a guide down the Lower Rond Creek, he made the expected discovery of gold, and after further and equally successful explorations returned to Sydney, and communicated the important tidings to the colonial authorities. He was now appointed a commissioner of crown lands, an office which he afterwards resigned. The legislative council of New South Wales voted him £10,000 for his discovery. Returning to England in 1854, he published "Australia and its Gold-fields," in which the story of his discoveries is fully told, and the preface to which contains an autobiographical sketch of his early life.—F. E.
HARGREAVES, James, the inventor of the carding-machine and of the spinning-jenny, was an artisan at Stanhill, near Blackburn in Lancashire, where the first Sir Robert Peel had a factory. He and his family supported themselves by weaving and spinning, carried on in his own house, according to the custom of the time and place. In 1760 he invented the carding-machine, as a substitute for the band-cards previously used. About 1763 or 1765 he contrived that kind of apparatus for spinning by machinery since known as the "jenny;" and made one with eight spindles, which was driven by hand. So strong was the prejudice at that time entertained by the working people against the use of machinery in manufacturing, that it was necessary for Hargreaves to make and work his machines in secret. At length the unusually large quantities of yarn brought by his family for sale to the factory, drew attention and suspicion upon him, so that a band of workmen broke into his house, and destroyed his machinery and much of his household furniture; and he became the object of a persecution which compelled him to leave the neighbourhood. In 1768 he removed to Nottingham, whither he had been invited by a company of stocking-weavers, to become the manager of a spinning-mill. Soon afterwards, in conjunction with a partner named Thomas Jones, he set up a factory at Hockley for spinning yarn for the hosiers. In 1770 he obtained a patent for the spinning-jenny; but unfortunately for himself he had before that time sold some jennies to manufacturers, so that his patent was invalid by reason of prior public use of the invention. Having ascertained, after the obtaining of the patent, that various manufacturers in Lancashire were using his invention without paying him royalty, he made a claim of £7000 against them for compensation. The manufacturers offered him £3000; and after some negotiation he abated his claim to £4000. But at this stage of the proceedings the invalidity of his patent was discovered, and his claim for compensation fell to the ground. He continued to carry on his business as a yarn manufacturer with moderate success until his death, which occurred at Hockley in April, 1778. His share in the factory was bought by his partner, from his widow, for £400. It appears, then, that the prevailing report of his having died in want is erroneous; but it is certain that neither he nor his family ever received any adequate reward for the enormous addition which he was the means of making to the wealth of his country.—W. J. M. R.
HARIRI, Cassem al, a popular Arabic author, born at Bassorah about 1054 of the christian era. The education of Hariri is said to have been thorough, and he was disciplined in all those branches of learning which were at that time held in honour. Beyond this, very little is known of him during his early life, although the public history of his country at that time is deeply interesting. That he was early called to political duties is certain, and that it was his office to furnish reports to the government of the state of affairs. He is, however, chiefly famous for the composition of a volume of what the Arabs call "Macamat," or discourses and observations upon moral and other subjects, considerably resembling what the rhetoricians style commonplaces. They were first introduced by Hamadani (see Hamadani), and various collections by different writers are extant. None, however, obtained the celebrity of Hariri, of whom some have said that his "Macamat" ought always to be written on silk, and others that they deserve to be written in letters of gold. According to some, he composed them at the instance of Abou Shirvan Khaled, vizier of the Sultan Mahmoud, but this account does not seem to apply to the first. One of the sons of Hariri records that his father was one day seated in a mosque, and that an old man of wretched appearance came before him and spoke with great facility and elegance. To this circumstance he says we owe the first of the "Macamat," which is now the forty-eighth. These "Macamat" are fifty in number, and have a marked dramatic aspect. As usual, they are partly in verse, and partly in a measured and sententious prose; and maxims and proverbs as well as characters are introduced. The work is very valuable as a depositary of idioms and phrases; it is an excellent guide to the synonymes of the language, and is on other accounts really important to the study of Arabic. It has been made the subject of commentaries, and vocabularies of its more difficult words have been compiled. Hariri is said to have revised his "Macamat" after their first recital in public, when they were submitted to the criticism of his hearers. He also arranged them eventually in the order thy still retain, and composed a preface for them, wherein he enumerates some of their principal characteristics. This preface must have been written towards the time of his death, which happened in 1122. He left three sons behind him, who all occupied honourable positions, and inherited his literary tastes. The influence of Hariri's "Macamat" has been very great; they have been read wherever the Arabic language has been spoken; they have been imitated in Syriac, Hebrew, and Arabic; they have been studied, edited, annotated, and translated by Europeans. They have been partly rendered into English by Mr. Preston, London, 1850. There is an excellent notice of Hariri, his life and writings, in the Revue Orientale for 1857.—B. H. C.
HARLAY, Achille de, was born at Paris in 1536 of an illustrious family, said to have been originally from England, and which has produced many great men. He attained to great honour and exercised immense influence under Henry III. and Henry IV. His fundamental principle was to promote the cause of royalty, but not without regard to its dignity. Therefore it was, that he several times changed his religion, thinking it his duty to be of the same creed as the court. He died October 21, 1619, at the age of eighty-three years.—B. H. C.
HARLAY, Achille de, born in 1639, occupied several important posts as councillor and first president of parliament, procureur general, &c. When Innocent II. excommunicated the French ambassador, Harlay appealed against the act, "from the pope ill-informed to a general council." Saint-Simon says of him, that his gravity degenerated into cynicism, his disinterestedness and modesty into the refinement of pride, his probity and justice into hypocrisy. He died in 1712.—B. H. C.
HARLAY-CHANVALLON, François de, Archbishop of
