was one of the commissioners appointed to treat with the king in the Isle of Wight, and moved that his majesty's answer should be declared satisfactory. Along with other presbyterian members he was expelled from the house by Colonel Pride, and took refuge in Brittany, where he remained until after the death of Cromwell. In 1660, when the secluded members were restored, he resumed his seat in parliament, and was made a member of the council of state which governed the country before the meeting of the new parliament. He acted as spokesman of the deputation who waited upon Charles II. at the Hague, and was appointed a member of his first privy council. Shortly after the Restoration he was elevated to the peerage by the title of Lord Holles of Isfield. In 1663 he was sent ambassador to France for the purpose of inducing Louis XIV, to take part with England in the war with the Dutch, and in 1667 he was one of the plenipotentiaries who negotiated the peace of Breda. When not only the king, but even a number of the leading patriots accepted presents from Louis, Holles had the merit of peremptorily refusing the offer of a sum of money made to him by Barillon, the French ambassador. He died in 1680, in the eighty-second year of his age, leaving the reputation of being one of the most public-spirited and high-minded characters of his age.—J. T.
HOLLIS, Thomas, an eccentric and munificent liberal of last century, was born in London in the April of 1720, and the heir to an ample fortune, received a varied education in England and on the continent. He early adopted the tenets of extreme liberalism, and devoted to the practical worship of it a large portion of his fortune. He died on the 1st of January, 1774, at his estate of Corscombe in Devonshire, where he had bestowed on many of his farms and fields the names of his favourite patriots and heroes. Literature owes to him editions of Toland's Life of Milton, published in 1761; and of Algernon Sydney's Discourses on Government, in 1763.—F. E.
HOLLIS, Thomas Pelham, a prominent politician of the reigns of the first two Georges, and the son of the first Lord Pelham, was born in 1693. Appointed the heir of his uncle, John Hollis, duke of Newcastle, he assumed after the death of that nobleman the surname of Hollis. A strenuous partisan of George I., he was created, in 1715, Duke of Newcastle, and in 1724 was appointed a secretary of state. With his brother, Henry Pelham, the duke of Newcastle was long a prominent minister, and in 1754, on the death of Pelham, the duke was placed at the head of the treasury. Unfit for the post, and opposed by Pitt (Chatham) and Fox (father of Charles James), he was forced to admit the latter into the government. Under Newcastle's management the war which followed his accession to the treasury was marked by disasters, and Fox resigned, an event which, after an unsuccessful attempt to gain over Pitt, was capped by Newcastle's resignation. Summoned again to the treasury at the close of the duke of Devonshire's and Pitt's brief administration, he succeeded this time in securing Pitt as his secretary of state, with the leadership of the house of commons and the direction of the war. If his administration was saved from ignominy, it was by the genius of his coadjutor. He quitted the treasury in 1762, and died in 1768. There are some graphic and contemptuous notices of him in Lord Macaulay's essays on Chatham.—F. E.
HOLLMANN, Samuel Christian, was born at Stettin in 1696, and received his education at Dantzic and at Wittenberg. He took his degree of M.A. in 1720. At Greifswald and Jena he spent some time as a lecturer, and in 1734 he accepted a call to the professorship of philosophy in the university of Göttingen. He was the first regular member of the philosophical class of the Society of Sciences, and rendered important services, not merely to the university of which he was a professor, but to Germany at large, by his indefatigable endeavours to promote the study of natural history and philosophy. Besides contributions to the Transactions of the Royal Society of London, and other learned journals, he wrote treatises upon pneumatology, natural theology, natural jurisprudence, logic, metaphysics, ethics, &c., all in Latin. He died, September 4, 1787, and was at the time the oldest author in Germany.—B. H. C.
HOLLOWAY, Thomas, engraver, was born in 1748, and educated as a seal engraver, but on completing his apprenticeship turned to line engraving. He was chiefly employed on book plates. His claim to be remembered, however, rests on his large engravings of Raphael's Cartoons, a work undertaken at his own risk, and prosecuted with great zeal and labour. It is, however, but a feeble and uncharacteristic, though smooth and elegant production. There are, in fact, no satisfactory engravings of the Cartoons, and there are now not likely to be any; their place being so well supplied by photographs. Mr. Holloway died in 1827.—J. T—e.
HOLMAN, James, well known as "the blind traveller," was born about the year 1787, and entering the navy in December, 1798, rose to the rank of lieutenant in April, 1807. In his twenty-fifth year he lost his sight, through the effects of an illness that he had contracted whilst performing his professional duties; and, as some compensation for this, he was in 1812 appointed one of the naval knights of Windsor. When time had softened the sense of his infirmity, and accustomed him to its consequent privations, he determined to travel on the continent, partly with a view to the improvement of his health. He published an account of his first expedition under the title, "Narrative of a Journey undertaken in the years 1819-20-21, through France, Italy, Savoy, Switzerland, Ports of Germany bordering on the Rhine, Holland, and the Netherlands; comprising incidents that occurred to the author, who has long suffered under a total deprivation of sight;" by James Holman, R.N. and K.W., 8vo, 1822. In July, 1822, he set forth for St. Petersburg, and afterwards visited Moscow, Novgorod, and Irkutsk. He had intended to go still further, and to push on towards China, but at Irkutsk the Russian government stopped his progress, and he was reconducted, almost as a prisoner, to the frontiers of Germany. On reaching England, he published "Travels through Russia, Siberia, Poland, Austria, Saxony, Prussia, Hanover, &c., during the years 1822-23-24, while suffering from total blindness; and comprising an account of the author being conducted a state prisoner from the eastern parts of Siberia," 2 vols. 8vo, 1825. The indefatigable blind lieutenant subsequently undertook other journeys, the scope of which gradually widened, so that at last he had visited every quarter of the globe. He published four volumes of these more extended travels, which had comprised visits to Madeira, Teneriffe, Africa, Rio Janeiro, the Cape, Caffirland, Madagascar, Mauritius, Ceylon, Hindostan, New South Wales, Van Diemen's Land, and New Zealand. In 1843 he travelled in Dalmatia, Montenegro, &c.; and in 1844 he visited Transylvania. The calamity, however, which rendered his travels so interesting in one view, deprived them of value in almost all others. He died on the 28th of July, 1857.—W. J. P.
HOLMAN, Joseph George, a native of London, received his education at an eminent school kept by Dr. Barrow in Soho Square. He was intended for holy orders, and was sent with that view to Oxford, but a taste for the drama and stage prevailing, he changed his destination, and made his first appearance in 1784 at Covent Garden, where he remained till 1800, when he went to America and undertook the management of the theatre at Charlestown. He died of the yellow fever in 1817, the complaint proving simultaneously fatal to his wife. Holman had been married for the second time only two days before. He has left several dramatic remains, among which are—"Abroad and at Home, a comic opera;" "Red Cross Knights, a play;" "Votary of Wealth, a comedy;" "What a Blunder, a comic opera," &c.—W. C. H.
HOLMES, Abiel, was born at Woodstock in Connecticut in 1768, and studied at Yale college, where he graduated in 1783, was for some time a professor, then congregational pastor at Midway, Georgia. In 1792 he was transferred to the first church at Cambridge, Massachusetts. He retired in 1832, and died in 1837. His works, which are valuable, are "American Annals;" "Memoir of the French Protestants;" "History of the Town of Cambridge;" and sermons.—B. H. C.
HOLMES, George, an eminent antiquary, born in 1662, and died in 1749. He was clerk to the keepers of the records in the Tower for nearly sixty years, and in 1727 he republished the first seventeen volumes of Rymer's Fœdera.—G. BL.
HOLMES, Nathaniel, a nonconformist divine and scholar of the seventeenth century, known as the author of a dissertation on the millennium, entitled "Resurrection Revealed." He was a good Hebrew scholar. In 1662 he was ejected from a London parish for nonconformity, and died in 1678.—B. H. C.
* HOLMES, Oliver Wendall, M.D., poet and miscellaneous writer, the son of a New England divine, was born at Cambridge, Massachusetts, in the year 1809. After graduating at Harvard university, he devoted a short time to the study of
