considerable merit. In 1795 he published "General View of the Agriculture of the County of Lancaster." He also published "An Essay on the Curle of Potatoes," for which he received the medal of the Society of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce. He was appointed surveyor of the county of Lancaster by the Board of Agriculture, and his report was the first which was published by the board. He also set about collecting materials for a history of Liverpool, but did not live to complete his task. He died in 1801.—J. B—r.
HOLTE, John, author of a Latin grammar, was born in the county of Sussex, probably about 1470. He was educated at Oxford, and attained to great reputation as a teacher. His work, remarkable as being the first Latin grammar of any note which was published in England, is entitled "Lac Puerorum" (Mylke for Chyldren), and was printed at London in 1497 by W. de Worde. It was dedicated to Morton, archbishop of Canterbury, and is now rarely to he met with.—J. B—r.
* HOLTEI, Karl Eduard von, a German actor, dramatist, and novelist, was born at Breslau, 24th January, 1797. His past career has been full of vicissitudes, but he now lives in literary retirement at Gratz. Both his lyric dramas, "Der alte Feldherr," "Lorbeerbaum und Bettelstab," &c.; and his novels, "The Vagabonds," "Christian Lammfell," &c., enjoy a well-merited popularity.—K. E.
HOLTZAPFFEL, Charles, a machinist, distinguished at once for science, ingenuity, and practical skill, was the partner and successor in business of his father, John Jacob Holtzapffel, a German who settled in England about the year 1787, and attained some reputation as a maker of machine tools and turning-lathes. Charles Holtzapffel introduced many improvements in lathes, and greatly increased their powers of producing varied and complex figures. He also became extensively engaged in the construction of machines for printing bank notes, for carving, and for other purposes, and of mathematical instruments. He was an advocate for the adoption of a system of measures and gauges based on the decimal subdivision of the standard inch, instead of the usual arbitrary scale; a system now well known as having been put in practice with most beneficial results by Mr. Whitworth. He published a standard work on "Turning and Mechanical Manipulation," treating of the nature of materials used in practical mechanics, their mode of treatment, and the construction and use of the tools best adapted for working in them. He died in 1847.—W. J. M. R.
HOLWELL, John Zephaniah, an Anglo-Indian official and writer on Indian history, religion, and politics, was the son of a London citizen, and born at Dublin in September, 1711. Educated and trained in Holland for a mercantile life, he returned to England in ill-health; and showing a marked distaste for commerce, qualified himself as a surgeon. In this capacity he sailed on board an Indiaman in 1732; and after several voyages and vicissitudes he became in 1740 assistant-surgeon to the Calcutta hospital, having in the meantime mastered, among other languages, Arabic and Hindostannee. Rising in reputation and position, taking an active part in municipal affairs, and broaching sensible schemes of judicial reform, he was seventh member of the Calcutta presidency in 1756—the year of the attack made on that city by Suraya-Dowlaw, the nawaub of Bengal. The English governor and a portion of the council abandoned Calcutta precipitately, and Holwell was elected, by those who were left behind, governor and commander-in-chief. After a brave but unsuccessful defence against overpowering odds, Holwell and his companions surrendered. Then followed the memorable atrocity of the Black Hole of Calcutta. Out of a hundred and forty-six prisoners only twenty-three survived the horrors of the night of the 20th June, 1756, and Holwell was one of them. His "Narrative" of the event was published in London in 1758, and remains the standard account of the transaction which produced the conquest of Bengal by the British. Released soon afterwards, he returned to England, and was nominated by the court of directors Clive's successor in the government of the presidency of Bengal; a position which, however, he did not immediately accept or attain, and which he did not long fill, being superseded at the end of 1760. Returning home once more, in the possession of an ample fortune, he spent the rest of his life in retirement, and died in 1798. His chief works were his "India Tracts," published in 1764; and his "Historical Events relative to Bengal and Indostan; as also the Mythology of the Gentoos, and a Dissertation on the Metempsychosis," which appeared in three parts during the years 1765-71. The former work is an interesting contribution to the early history of British rule in India, and includes an account of Holwell's administration of Bengal. Of the latter, the disquisitions on the mythology and theology of the Hindoos are more notable than the historical sections. They belong, indeed, to the very first attempts to familiarize the English public with the religious doctrines and notions of the Hindoos; and were distinguished by an exaggerated estimate of the influence produced by the Hindoo mythology on that of other nations. Holwell, it must be added, though well acquainted with Hindostannee, was ignorant of Sanscrit.—F. E.
HOLYDAY, Barten, an English divine, born in 1593 at Oxford, where he was educated at Christ church. Having taken orders, and greatly distinguished himself as a preacher, he was appointed chaplain to the king and archdeacon of Oxford. During the civil wars he lost his preferments, but recovered them at the Restoration, and died in 1661. Besides twenty sermons, he wrote "Technogamia, or the marriage of arts," a comedy; a Latin disquisition on the soul; a poem, in ten books, entitled "A Survey of the World;" and a faithful translation of Juvenal and Persius, accompanied with valuable notes, but totally devoid of poetical merit.—G. BL.
HOLYOAKE, Francis, was born at Nether-Whitacre in Warwickshire about 1567, and studied at Oxford about 1582, probably without taking a degree. He subsequently kept a school at Oxford, and afterwards in his own county; and in 1604 he became rector of Southam in Warwickshire. Mr. Holyoake suffered during the civil wars for his opinions as a royalist. He died on the 13th September, 1653, and was buried at Warwick. He left behind him an "Etymological Dictionary of Latin Words," printed in 1606; the fourth edition, 1633, was dedicated to Laud, then bishop of London. He is said to have written an original Latin treatise, called "Franciscus de Sacrâ Quercu," never published.—W. C. H.
HOLYOAKE, Thomas, the son of Francis, was born at Southam rectory in 1616, was educated at Coventry, and finished his studies at Queen's college, Oxford, where he graduated. He inherited his father's political sentiments, and upon the visit of Charles I. to Oxford, was commissioned captain of a company of foot; but after the surrender of that city he retired from the service, and obtained a medical diploma. The Restoration enabled him to follow his original calling as a clergyman. In 1660 he was presented to the rectory of Witnash, near Warwick, and shortly after he became a prebend of the collegiate church of Wolverhampton. In 1674 Fulke, Lord Brooke, conferred on him the donative of Breamont, Hants. Holyoake died on the 10th June, 1675, leaving behind him in MS. a dictionary of Latin and English, founded upon his father's labours. This was published in 1677, folio.—W. C. H.
HOLYWOOD, HOLYBUSH, or HALIFAX, John, or, as he is better known by his Latinized name, John a Sacro Bosco, a learned professor of astronomy and mathematics in Paris during the thirteenth century. Neither the date nor place of his birth can be pronounced on with certainty. The former may be assigned to the end of the twelfth century; for the latter Scotch, English, and Irish writers put in the claims of their respective countries. The weight of probability is with Ware and Stanihurst, who assert that he was born at Holywood in the county of Wicklow, and undoubtedly the monasteries of Ireland at that period sent forth the most learned men to the schools of France, Italy, and Germany We find him occupying his chair at Paris in 1230 with great distinction. His principal work, "De Sphæra Mundi," was for three hundred years looked on as a standard authority, and was many times reprinted with annotations. Besides this he wrote "De Anni Ratione" and "De Algorismo." He died in Paris in 1235, and was buried in the church D. Maturini.—J. F. W.
HOLZER, Johann, a celebrated German fresco-painter, the son of a miller, was born at Burgeis in the Tyrol in 1709. His first master, Auer, was also a Tyrolese, but he lived some years as the assistant of an Augsburg painter of the name of Bergmiller, with whom he perfected himself in the practice of his art. At this time the façades of the Augsburg houses were decorated with frescoes, and Holzer was much employed in this kind of painting, but few of his works now remain. A good selection, however, is still preserved in prints by J. E. Nilson. This was the school which enabled Hauser to attain that great
