purpose of wresting that frontier from the Spaniards, he left Count Horn with a force of eight thousand men to complete the conquest of Franconia, which he speedily effected. He fought with distinguished courage at the desperate battle of Lech, where Tilly was mortally wounded, and at Lutzen, where Gustavus fell. He was taken prisoner, however, at Nordlingen, 7th September, 1634, where Duke Bernard of Saxe-Weimar gave battle to the imperialists, contrary to Horn's advice, and suffered a complete defeat. After a captivity of seven years' duration, the count was exchanged for three of the imperialist generals, of whom the celebrated John de Werth was one. He subsequently served in the campaign against Denmark in 1644. Horn was created Count de Bjarneborg in 1651, and in the following year he was nominated field-marshal and minister of war. He died in 1657. During his captivity he wrote a treatise entitled "Ducis perfecti munus."—J. T.
HORN, Philip de Montmorency-Nivelle, Count of, a patriotic Flemish noble and martyr, was born in 1522. He was the son of Joseph Montmorency, lord of Nivelle, and of Anne d'Egmont. His mother married for her second husband John, Count Horn, who, having no family, bequeathed the whole of his vast estates to his stepson, on condition that he should assume the title of Count Horn. The young count was held in great esteem by Charles V., who conferred upon him the government of Gueldres and the order of the golden fleece. Under Philip II. Horn had the charge of the finances of the Low Countries. Like his friend. Count Egmont, he fought with distinguished bravery at St. Quentin and Gravelines, and along with him negotiated a peace between the duchess of Parma and the protestants, who had taken up arms in defence of their rights. But notwithstanding his patriotic services and his steadfast adherence to the Romish church, he shared the fate of his illustrious friend, June 5, 1568.—(See Egmont.)—J. T.
HORNBECK, John, a Dutch divine and polemic, was born at Haarlem in 1617. After his early education in his native town, he was at the age of sixteen sent to the university of Leyden, and went two years afterwards to that of Utrecht. In 1644, having become doctor of divinity the previous year, he was appointed a minister in Leyden, and also professor of theology in the university. He had previously exercised his ministry in secret at Cologne for about four years. After labouring with great acceptance for ten years, he removed to Leyden in 1654, where he continued till his death on 1st September, 1666. His works are multifarious, some in defence of protestantism, as his "Examen bullæ Papatis," 1652; some in defence of orthodoxy, as his "Socinianus Confutatus," in three volumes published in various years, 1650, 1662, 1664; some missionary, as his "De Conversione Indorum," which contains an autobiography, and his "De Convincendis Judæis," 1655; and others polemical, as his "Brevis Institutio," 1658, and his "Summa" in 1653. Highly prized was his "Theologia Practica," which went through several editions. He also wrote on church government, both on independency and episcopacy, as well as a treatise, "Commentarius de Paradoxis Wergellanis." Some miscellaneous writings were published after his death. Hornbeck was a man like many men of his age and country—a patient labourer, a learned and prolific author, somewhat ponderous and dogmatic, but always painstaking and industrious.—J. E.
HORNBLOWER, Jonathan, a British engineer and mechanic, was born in 1753, and died at Penryn in Cornwall in 1815. He was one of the first to carry the expansive working of steam to that great extent for which the Cornish pumping engines have long been remarkable, and which has only of late years been generally introduced into engines.—W. J. M. R.
HORNE, George, D.D., bishop of Norwich, distinguished for his piety, learning, and zeal, was born at Otham, near Maidstone, November 1, 1730. His father, who was a clergyman, sent him to school at Maidstone, whence he removed to Oxford, and entered at University college. In 1749 he became a fellow of Magdalen college, of which at a later period he was appointed president. He is said to have been a diligent student, and to have applied himself especially to the Hebrew language, and the writings of the fathers. About this time he became acquainted with Jones of Nayland, and through him was led to embrace the peculiar views of the Hutchinsonians, then very popular. These opinions he defended in a satirical pamphlet on the "Theology and Philosophy of Cicero's Somnium Scipionis," in 1751, and again in his "Fair and Candid State of the Case between Sir Isaac Newton and Mr. Hutchinson," in 1753. His attacks upon Newton's philosophy attracted attention, and when he took orders he became very popular as a preacher, although he could not keep his philosophy out of the pulpit. He wrote against a work of Dr. Shuckford's in 1754, and against Dr. Kennicott in 1756. Four years later, when Kennicott produced his proposals for the collation of Hebrew manuscripts. Horne published a piece in which he started objections to the method suggested. This controversy ended in a reconciliation and close friendship. In 1771 he was appointed royal chaplain in ordinary, a post which he retained for ten years. The next year, 1772, he wrote in defence of the Thirty-nine articles, in a letter to Lord North. In 1776 he published his best known and most popular work, "A Commentary on the Book of Psalms." Dr. Horne wrote on a variety of other subjects, but most of them are of temporary interest, if we except his sermons and his letters on infidelity. In 1781 he was made dean of Canterbury, and in 1790 bishop of Norwich, but he died at Bath in January, 1792. His works were published with a memoir by his chaplain, Jones, in 1795.—B. H. C.
HORNE, John van. See Hoorne.
* HORNE, Richard Henry, a gifted contributor to several departments of literature, was born in 1807, and educated at Sandhurst with a view to entering the military service of the East India Company. Disappointed in this expectation, and failing to obtain a commission in the Polish army, he entered the Mexican navy as midshipman, and was present at the bombardment of Vera Cruz and the capture of San Juan de Ulloa. The yellow fever drove him back to England, and he commenced the career of a busy, energetic, and versatile man of letters. His strongest tendencies were towards poetry and the drama, especially the resuscitation of the Elizabethan drama. One of his earliest dramatic attempts was the spirited sketch, the "Death of Marlow," which has been followed by dramas of loftier pretensions, such as "Cosmo de Medicis," "Gregory the Seventh," and more recently by "Judas Iscariot," a miracle play, which embodies a peculiar theory of the arch-traitor's character and career. Among Mr. Horne's most striking prose compositions, moreover, are some papers on a dramatic theme, his "Undeveloped Characters of Shakspeare," originally published in the Monthly Chronicle, and constructing with great ingenuity the biographies of persons merely named in the great dramatist's plays. Of Mr. Horne's numerous prose writings (he was editor for a time of the Monthly Repository, and has contributed much to the Church of England Quarterly, the New Quarterly, and to Household Words) the most important are his "Exposition of the False Medium excluding Men of Genius from the Public," a protest against the machinery by which the production and circulation of literature are effected; his "Life of Napoleon;" his "New Spirit of the Age," a series of exuberant papers on contemporary notabilities; and a thoughtful fiction, "The Dreamer and the Worker," originally published in Douglas Jerrold's Shilling Magazine. The best known of his works owes its fame perhaps to an accidental circumstance. His "Orion," an epic, one containing fine passages, though its purport must have been dim to many of its purchasers, was sold originally at a farthing, and the "farthing epic" commanded an enormous sale. In 1852 Mr. Horne repaired to Australia. Of some of his Australian experiences as a chief of mounted police, among other employments, he has recently published an interesting account in his "Australian Facts and Prospects, to which is prefixed the author's Australian autobiography," probably the first book of any importance produced in Australia.—F. E.
HORNE, Thomas Hartwell, was born about the year 1780, and received his education at the Charter-house school in London. Although the death of his parents deprived him of the advantages offered by the universities, he, nevertheless, applied himself to literary pursuits, and in 1800 published "A Brief View of the Necessity and Truth of the Christian revelation," which reached a second edition in 1802. In 1803 he published a "Compendium of the Admiralty Laws, and regulations of the court of admiralty relative to ships of war." The same year he edited Wallis' Itinerary, and in 1807 he wrote "Hints on the Formation and Management of Sunday Schools." He next produced a catalogue of the library of the Surrey Institution, and prepared the fourth volume of the catalogue of the Harleian manuscripts in the British museum. In conjunction with Dr. Gillies and Professor Shakspeare, he edited
