of fifty years, and at the same time was distinguished as an active and eloquent member of the states. He died, February 10, 1853. Among his works are editions of the Heroids of Ovid; of the Anthologia Græca, begun by De Bosch; and of Terentianus Maurus, begun by Santer. He also published Latin poems, "Carmina Juvenilia," a Dutch metrical version of the Works and Days of Hesiod; and some other learned works.—K. E.
LENNEP, Johann Daniel van, a Dutch philologist, was born at Leuwarden in 1724. In 1752 he obtained the chair of philology at Groningen, and afterwards that at Franeker, where he died in 1771. We owe him a curious "Etymologicum Linguæ Græcæ," and some learned editions (Phalaris and Coluthos).
LENNIE, William, the author of a popular school-book, the "Principles of English Grammar," and other elementary educational works, was for many years a successful teacher in Edinburgh, where he died 20th July, 1852, at the age of seventy-three.—D. W. R.
LENNOX, Charlotte, authoress of "The Female Quixote," was the daughter of Colonel James Ramsay, lieutenant-governor of New York, where probably she was born in 1720. She was sent at fifteen to England to the care of an aunt, whom when she landed she found a hopeless lunatic. The death of her father not long afterwards left her unprovided for, and she had recourse to literature as a means of subsistence. Beyond his name, nothing seems to be known of her husband. Her first work, published in 1747, before her marriage, appears to have been a volume of "Poems on Several Occasions." Its existence does not seem to have been known to her steady friend and admirer, Dr. Johnson, who treated her first novel, or the "Memoirs of Harriet Stuart," published in 1751, as her first literary work, and made the Ivy Club celebrate its publication by a night-long banquet, at which Mrs. Lennox and her husband were present, and to which her patron contributed a large apple-pie. In the following year appeared her principal work, "The Female Quixote," the heroine of which, like the hero of Cervantes, has her head turned by reading romances, in this case of the school of Scuderi. The story is worked out with considerable ingenuity, and closes with the heroine's conversion to common sense, in a chapter said to have been written by Johnson, who certainly wrote the dedication of the work to the earl of Middlesex. In 1753 appeared her "Shakspeare Illustrated," a work for that time of some originality. It contained translations or extracts of the originals from which Shakspeare took the plots of his plays, and in her critical notes, Mrs. Lennox with considerable hardihood sought to demonstrate that the great dramatist had not improved what he took. Among her other works are a version of Brumoy's Greek Theatre, to which Johnson and the earl of Orrery contributed, and a translation, still the standard one, of Sully's Memoirs. For her unsuccessful comedy, "The Sisters," Goldsmith wrote an epilogue. In 1775 Johnson drew up proposals for an edition of her works, of which Queen Charlotte was to have been the patroness, but it does not seem to have been published. The same friendly pen wrote the dedications of several of her books, and Johnson indeed proclaimed her superiority even to Hannah More and Fanny Burney. Her later years were embittered by poverty, partly alleviated through the kindness of friends and the aid of the literary fund. She died on the 19th of February, 1806.—F. E.
LENOIR, Etienne, a very skilful maker of astronomical and other scientific instruments, was born in 1744, and died in Paris in 1832. He executed, and perfected in many respects, the reflecting and repeating circles invented by Borda; and he made many of the best instruments used by French astronomers. On the establishment of the metrical system he was employed to make the standard mètre of platinum and its principal copies.
LENOIR, Marie-Alexandre, French painter and archæologist, was born in Paris, December 26, 1762. Completing his education as a painter in unpropitious times, he employed his enforced leisure in writing a play or two, and critical notices in the journals. These made him acquainted with some of the actors in the early scenes of the Revolution; and when the populace were destroying the monuments in the churches and religious houses, it occurred to Lenoir that a prompt appeal to the national feeling might save such as yet remained. He accordingly consulted Bailly in private, and then presented a formal memorial to the national assembly, praying that all existing national monuments might be brought together so as to form a historical museum. It was a hazardous proposal; but Bailly supported it, and the assembly voted it with enthusiasm. The building called the Petits-Augustins was granted for the reception of the objects, which Lenoir, with the title of keeper of the Musée des Monuments Français, was commissioned to collect and arrange, Lenoir was indefatigable in his labours; and he arranged in strict chronological order the extraordinary collection he was the means of bringing together. He then proposed that the pictures in the churches and other buildings should in like manner be collected and deposited in the Louvre, and at the same time those in the Musée des monuments be transferred thither—a scheme that may be said to have been the germ of Napoleon's idea of collecting in the Louvre all the best pictures of Europe. With Napoleon Lenoir was a favourite; and the Empress Josephine intrusted to him the artistic embellishment of her house at Malmaison. On the Restoration he of course fell into disfavour. The Musée was broken up, and the various monuments were, as far as practicable, restored to their original situations. Lenoir was one of the commission charged, in 1816, with the reinterment of the bones of the kings and queens of France. Subsequently he held some unimportant offices; but his time was chiefly occupied in writing on artistic and archæological subjects. Besides contributing to the Dictionnaire de la Conversation and various periodicals, he published the following among other separate works—"Musée Royal des Monuments Français," 8 vols. 8vo, several hundred plates, second edition, 1816; a valuable "History of Painting on Glass," 8vo, 1804; a "Histoire des Arts en France, prouvée par les Monuments," 4to, one hundred and ninety-four plates, 1810; "La Francmaçonnerie rendue a sa veritable origine," 5 vols. 8vo; "Atlas des Monuments des Arts liberaux, mecaniques, et industriel de la France, depuis les Gaulois," folio, Paris, 1820; and "Nouveaux Essais sur les Hiéroglyphes," 4 vols. 8vo, with seventy-five plates, 1809-22; some lesser works on Egyptian antiquities; the continuation of Visconti's descriptive notices of the sculpture in the Musée royal; and various monographs. He died at Paris, June 11, 1839.—His son, * Alexander Albert Lenoir, born at Paris, October 21, 1801, was educated under Debret as an architect, but is better known, like his father, by his writings on archæological subjects. Of these the chief are some descriptions in Gailhabaut's Monuments; "Architecture et Archæologie," 8vo, 1839; "Statistique Monumentale de Paris depuis les Remains," folio, 1835, &c.; and "Architecture Monastique," 2 vols. 4to, 1852-56. He is director of the monumental statistics of France, and architect to the Musée de Cluny.—J. T—e.
LENORMAND, Marie Anne Adelaide, a famous French prophetess and impostor, was born at Alençon in 1772. She adopted this profession at Paris in conjunction with a woman called Gilbert, and a young baker named Flammermont. Until 1830 her success with all classes of the community was astounding, among her countless dupes being the Empress Josephine. She died in obscurity in 1843, leaving, besides several published works, some which have not yet appeared.—W. J. P.
LE NOURRY, Denis Nicolas, a learned benedictine, born at Dieppe in 1647; died at Paris in 1724. He spent his whole life in study. He edited the works of Cassiodorus and Ambrose; but he is best known for his "Apparatus ad Bibliothecam maximam patrum," &c., folio, 1694-1715.—B. H. C.
* LENSTRÖM, Carl Julius, a Swedish author, born in 1811, has chiefly distinguished himself as a critic and historian of his country's literature. His "Svenska Poesiens Historie" (History of Swedish Poetry), forming two parts, and published in 1839-40, is an interesting and important work, occasionally indeed somewhat superficial, and with a touch of garrulity about it, but on the whole a valuable introduction to the subject of which it treats. It may especially be consulted with much advantage by foreigners. Another smaller work of Lenström's, "Sveriges Literatur-och Konst-historie i Utkast," is a noteworthy little compendium of Swedish literature and art from the earliest times, and although only a sketch, as its title implies, contains much useful information.—J. J.
LENTHALL, William, speaker of the Long parliament, and during the interregnum master of the rolls, of an old Herefordshire family, was born in June, 1591. Educated at Thame school and St. Alban's hall, Oxford, he was called to the bar at Lincoln's inn in 1616, and though not a lawyer of eminence, obtained considerable practice. Appointed recorder of Woodstock, he represented it in both the parliaments of 1640, and by the Long parliament was chosen speaker. It was in this
