Royal herbarium He was an active member of the Academy of Sciences, medical privy councillor, and a member of the scientific deputation in the ministry. During the annual vacations at the university he made excursions into various countries. He visited Britain, Sweden, Tyrol, Greece, Istria, various parts of Italy, Corsica, Belgium, Southern Germany, and the Pyrenees. He attended the meeting of the British Association in Glasgow in 1841. He was seriously meditating a voyage to Ceylon when an attack of grippe, combined with stone, carried him off at the advanced age of eighty-three. He was a distinguished systematic as well as physiological botanist, and published a great variety of works in all departments of botany. He was a fellow of the Linnæan Society, and a foreign member of the Royal Society. Among his works the following may be enumerated—"Elementa et Prodromus Philosophiæ Botanicæ;" "Icones Selectæ Anatomico-Botanicæ;" "Elements of the Anatomy and Physiology of Plants;" and "Description of Plants in the Royal Garden, Berlin." He also published "Botanical Dissertations," and contributed papers to the Natural History Society of Berlin. His "Annual Reports on the Progress of Vegetable Physiology" are valuable and interesting.—J. H. B.
LINLEY, Thomas, a musician, to whom we are indebted for some excellent old English operas, was born about the year 1730, and received instructions in music first from Chilcot, organist at Bath, then from the celebrated Paradies. Assisted by the high talents of his two daughters, afterwards Mrs. Sheridan and Mrs. Tickell, he originated and carried on during many years concerts at Bath, which much contributed to the popularity which that city so long enjoyed. In 1774 Christopher Smith, the secretary and friend of Handel, having declared his intention of relinquishing the management of the London oratorios, Linley, by the advice of his son-in-law Sheridan, united with Stanley in carrying them on, and continued them several years. On the death of Stanley Dr. Arnold joined him. In 1775 the Duenna, to which he composed and adapted the music, was brought out, and ran uninterruptedly seventy-five nights. Soon after he became a joint patentee of Drury Lane theatre with his son-in-law, Sheridan, and consequently took up his residence in London. For several years he conducted the musical department of that theatre, and was induced from the success of the Duenna to continue his course as a dramatic composer. He produced in quick succession, "The Carnival of Venice;" "Selima and Azor;" "The Camp;" "The Spanish Maid;" "The Stranger at Home;" "Love in the East;" and several works of lesser note. All these pieces gained popularity, especially "the Carnival," and "Selima and Azor," which is an adaptation of Gretry's Zémira et Azor, containing some charming music by Linley; and among other things the song, "No Flower that blows," which still delights the lovers of English music. It may be added that Linley composed the orchestral accompaniments to the songs in the Beggar's Opera, which have been always used since his time. He produced a great quantity of chamber music, consisting of songs, madrigals, elegies, &c.; beautiful specimens of the genuine English style, which, however, now meet with a neglect which is to be attributed to the change in our national taste. He died at his house in Southampton Street, Covent Garden, on the 19th of November, 1795.—E. F. R.
LINLEY, Thomas, eldest son of the preceding, was born at Bath in 1756, and at an early age discovered so remarkable a genius for music, that his father gave him a careful education. After receiving the instructions of Dr. Boyce, he was sent to Italy to pursue his studies; and while at Florence, became the intimate friend of Mozart, then a young musical student like himself. The great German in after life always spoke with affection and regret of his young English friend. In addition to the beautiful pieces which he contributed to the Duenna, Thomas Linley composed some new music for the Tempest, when it was revived at Drury Lane, consisting of a fine chorus of the spirits who raise the storm, and the airs, "bid your faithful Ariel fly;" and "Ere you can say, come and go"—compositions quite worthy of being joined to the older music of Purcell and Arne. In 1778 he perished by an unhappy accident at the age of two-and-twenty. While on a visit to the duke of Ancaster at his seat in Lincolnshire, he was amusing himself with some other young people, with sailing on a lake in the duke's grounds, when the boat overset; and Linley, who had reached the shore, lost his life in endeavouring to save some of his companions.—E. F. R.
LINLEY, William, the youngest of Thomas Linley's sons, was born in 1771. When young he was appointed by Mr. Fox to a writership at Madras, and subsequently filled the responsible situations of provincial paymaster at Vellore, and sub-treasurer at the presidency. Fort St. George. He returned early with an easy independence, and is known to the public by many ingenious productions, the chief of which is "Dramatic Songs of Shakspeare," a work that shows not only great musical invention and taste, but that clear perception of the meaning and beauties of the great bard, which is but rarely to be traced in those composers who have attempted to set his poetry to music. He was also the author of some literary works; and part of a very touching elegy written by him on the death of his sister, Mrs. Sheridan, appears in the second volume of Moore's Life of Sheridan. He died in 1835—E. F. R.
LINNÆUS or VON LINNÉ, Carl, the celebrated botanist and natural historian, was born on 23rd May, 1707, at Rooshoolt (Râshult) in Smaland, a province of Sweden, where his father, Nicholas Linné, was clergyman; and he died on the 8th of January, 1778, in the seventy-first year of his age. From his earliest youth Linnæus appears to have imbibed a taste for natural history; and it is probable that his father's country residence contributed to foster his fondness for the objects of animated nature. It was originally intended that young Linné should study for the church; but his proficiency in his early studies was not such as to hold out a prospect of fitness for the ministry. The father, whose income was very small, then thought of making his son adopt some handicraft trade; but this design was fortunately abandoned at the earnest solicitation of Rothman, principal physician at Wexio, who recommended the study of medicine. For three years Linné received instructions from Rothman, in whose family he resided. He afterwards matriculated at the university of Lund, and was so fortunate as to be received into the house of Dr. Stobæus, a physician possessing a fine library, and having a good knowledge of natural history. He had ample opportunities now of acquiring knowledge, and the bent of his mind towards natural science was clearly displayed. In 1728 he passed the vacation at home, and resolved thereafter to prosecute his studies at Upsal. This determination did not at first please his patron, Dr. Stobæus. His means for carrying on his studies were very limited, and he had to struggle with the res angusta domi during the early part of his career. His father could do little for him, and young Linné was thrown very much on his own resources. Fortunately on 16th December, 1728, he obtained a royal scholarship, and thus his difficulties were overcome. In 1729 he became known to Dr. Olaus Celsius, professor of divinity at Upsal, and he was employed to assist the professor in his Hierobotanicon, or descriptions of the plants mentioned in scripture—a very learned work, which is still of standard authority. Through the kind offices of Celsius, Linné procured private pupils; and he was introduced to Rudbeck the professor of botany, who appointed him a deputy-lecturer, and took him into his house as tutor to his younger children. In the library of the professor Linnæus began to draw the outlines of his "Classes Plantarum," "Genera Plantarum," "Critica Botanica," and "Bibliotheca Botanica."
In 1731 Rudbeck and Celsius got Linnæus appointed to travel in Lapland under the royal authority, and at the expense of the university of Upsal. He commenced his journey on 13th May, and proceeded to Gevalia, Helsingland, Angermanland, and Hernosand, a seaport on the Gulf of Bothnia. He next went to Umea and Lulea, and crossed the Lapland alps to Finmark. His journeys from Lulea and Pithœa on the Gulf of Bothnia to the north, were performed with two Laplanders as his guides and interpreters. The greater part of the summer was spent in this Lapland tour. He returned to Tornea in September; then he went to Ulea in East Bothnia, Wasa, Christianstadt, and Abo (the Finland university); and reached Upsal in November, after travelling about three thousand eight hundred English miles, mostly on foot. The journey was a toilsome one, and was attended with much hardship and danger. The botanical part of his travels was printed in the Transactions of the Upsal Academy, and was afterwards published under the title of "Flora Lapponica." The account of his Lapland journey was also published; and it has been translated under the direction of Sir James Edward Smith. In 1733 Linnæus visited some of the Swedish mines, and became acquainted with mineralogy, a sketch of which he afterwards gave in his "Systema Naturæ." The governor of Dalecarlia, Baron Reuterholm, in
