the forces of Kien-Loong repulsed him, and a part of Tibet was placed under Chinese protection. He appears to have conducted his government with great vigour until 1796, when he abdicated in favour of Kia-King his son. He patronized the arts and sciences, was the friend of literary men, and himself an author. In 1792 George III. sent to China the celebrated embassy of the earl of Macartney in the interests of British commerce with that country. The narrative of the expedition by Sir George Staunton, contains some interesting details of the emperor and his court. In his magnificent palaces he had collected numerous examples of ancient and modern art, Chinese and European. He kept around himself, for various purposes, a few Romish missionaries, who appear to have been more employed in scientific than religious occupations. Of his poems Sir George Staunton says, "they indicate taste and fancy, with an attentive view of nature," and that he presented a few stanzas to the ambassador for George III.; but he remarks of the imperial poems, that they "resemble more the epics of Voltaire than those of Milton." Kien-Loong died in 1799.—B. H. C.
KIERNANDER, John Zechariah, or more accurately, Johan Zacharias Kjernander, a celebrated protestant missionary, was born in Sweden in 1710 or 1712. He studied first at Upsal, and about 1734 went to Halle, where he became associated with the eminent Dr. Franke the philanthropist, who in 1738 recommended him as a missionary to the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. He reached Madras in 1740, and was stationed at Cuddalore, where he commenced his labours as a teacher, both among the natives and the Portuguese. In 1758 Cuddalore was captured by the French, and Kiernander was compelled to depart. He first went to Tranquebar, but on the invitation of Colonel Clive, proceeded to Calcutta, where he took his place as the first protestant missionary. The advantages he there enjoyed were considerable, and he proved himself worthy of them by his faithful, constant, and generous labours. He is said to have expended above £12,000 of his private money on objects of charity. Before 1781 he lost his sight, and in 1787 an untoward event deprived him of his property and his position. He had resigned his official duties in 1782; but after his worldly losses he removed to Chinsurah, then a French settlement, where he was appointed chaplain. In 1795 the place was taken by the British, and he became a prisoner of war, and dependent upon a small allowance which was granted him. He was afterwards permitted to return to Calcutta, where he died in 1799.—B. H. C.
KIESEWETTER, Johann Christoph, a learned German clergyman, born at Oberweisbach in 1666, was the author of treatises in Latin on a great variety of subjects. He died at Jena in 1744.—D. W. R.
KIESEWETTER, Raphael Georg, a writer on music, was born at Holleschau in Moravia, April 29, 1773, and died at Vienna in 1850. He was the son of a physician, and was himself distinguished in the legal profession, having held the offices of councillor of the imperial court, referendary of the high military court, and chancery director. From his earliest youth he was devotedly attached to music, and he obtained considerable celebrity as an amateur singer and player. In 1803 he commenced the study of the theory of music under Albrechtsberger, which he further pursued some years later under Hartmann. His first literary work was an essay on the compass of the voice as employed by the ancient composers, which appeared in the Wiener Musikalische Zeitung in 1820, and has been reprinted; this was followed by several other tracts of the same erudite character. In 1829 Kiesewetter gained the prize of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands, for his treatise on the musical merits of the Netherlanders. His most important work, the "History of Modern Music in the West of Europe," has been translated into English. It is a clear and concise summary of the chief events in the progress of the art, commencing from the adoption of music in the western church; but its views are questionable in denying the Greek origin of the ecclesiastical modes.—G. A. M.
KIESLING, Leopold, an eminent Austrian sculptor, was born in 1770 at Schönebon in Upper Austria, studied in the art academy at Vienna, and was then sent by Count Cobenzl to Rome. Here he remained several years, during which he executed various models in plaster; and an "Achilles and Ajax," and other classical figures, in marble. In 1810 he returned to Vienna; executed for the emperor, at the suggestion of Canova, a marble group of "Venus, Cupid, and Mars;" and later, several busts of the emperor and members of the royal family for the imperial palaces; a colossal bust of his patron. Count Cobenzl, his finest work of this order; several classic groups and single figures; and the monument erected in memory of the orientalist, Von Hammer. Kiesling died at Vienna in 1827.—J. T—e.
KIFFEN, William, an eminent London merchant, and one of the founders of the church in Devonshire Square, London. He was born about 1616, and apprenticed to Lilburn the brewer, who was afterwards a colonel in the service of the parliament. Kiffen's granddaughter married Henry Cromwell, grandson of the Protector, and from them descended the last representatives of that family. His religious decision he owed to a curious circumstance. Having resolved to leave his master, he wandered into one of the city churches, where the preacher discoursed on the duty of servants. He thought that his plans were discovered, ran home, and soon became a changed man. After several years of prosperous trading he became a successful preacher, and gained great influence with the government, which he used more than once to protect some of all parties who had suffered for their principles. At the Restoration he was regarded with suspicion, but found friends in Lord Clarendon and in Charles II. The latter condescended to accept a gift of £10,000, instead of a loan of £40,000 which Charles was anxious to effect. By this arrangement Kiffen used to say he saved £30,000. He was one of the dissenters whom James II. tried to wile into toleration of his popish designs, and with that view insisted on making him one of the aldermen of London in the new charter which he was preparing In 1683 two of his grandsons were concerned in Monmouth's rebellion, and afterwards executed. Their history is one of the saddest in those sad times. Kiffen hailed with many others the Revolution, and was among the heartiest to welcome the prince of Orange. He died on December 29, 1701. He is often referred to in contemporary writers—by Dr. Featly, Edwards, author of the Gangræna, and others. He is himself the author of only one piece—"A Sober Discourse of Right to Church Communion."—J. A. L.
KILBYE, Richard, an English divine, and one of the translators of the Bible, was born about 1550, at Ratcliffe in Leicestershire. He was educated at Lincoln hall, Oxford, of which he was elected rector in 1590. He was also university professor of Hebrew. Dr. Kilbye, who was an intimate friend of Bishop Sanderson, died in 1620. He published some sermons.—There was another of the same name who died in 1617. He was minister of All Hallows, Derby, and wrote "The Burden of a Loaded Conscience."—W. C. H.
KILDARE, Earls of, are the lineal descendants of the great family of the Fitzgeralds or Geraldines (see Fitzgerald), which, passing into Ireland with the first English invaders, has ever since occupied a most distinguished place in the annals of the country:—
Gerald, eighth earl, called by the Irish "the great earl." the most eminent Irishman of his day. In 1478 he was appointed lord-deputy to the duke of York. This appointment was, however, shortly after cancelled in favour of Lord Grey; but Kildare resisted the new deputy, and ultimately succeeded in re-establishing himself in office, which he held during the reign of Edward IV., and until that of Richard III. His government of the kingdom was marked by vigour and ability; he preserved peace and order by his great family influence and his favour with the Irish, defending the Pale, and at the same time sympathizing with the natives without the Pale, and as one of their chiefs entering with spirit and interest into their affairs. On the accession of Henry VII., Kildare was continued in office though a Yorkist. The king before long suspecting the loyalty of the lord-deputy, summoned him to attend in London. Kildare evaded the command by summoning a parliament, which declared that his presence was absolutely necessary at their discussions. On the arrival of Simnel in Ireland in 1487, Kildare at once acknowledged him as heir to the throne, and his example was soon followed by almost the whole of the Pale, and Simnel was crowned in Christ church in the presence of the deputy as Edward VI. Kildare aided other great lords to raise an army to invade England, though he did not accompany the expedition. On its defeat at Stoke, the earl was too formidable and influential to be assailed, so the king willingly received his submission and continued him in his office, and he exerted himself with vigour and success in preserving the allegiance of the proud and turbulent Irish chiefs. The influence of Kildare was now so
