obtained a fellowship. Having been elected in 1743 to one of the Radcliffe travelling fellowships, he pursued the study of medicine first at Edinburgh, and afterwards at Leyden, under Boerhaave. He travelled or resided on the continent until 1751, when he returned to England, and was elected joint physician with his father to Bridewell and Bethlehem hospitals. During his absence abroad, the university of Oxford conferred on him a degree in medicine. He confined his practice entirely to cases of insanity, and obtained a high reputation for skill in the management of that class of diseases. His only publication was a pamphlet in answer to a treatise on madness by Dr. Battie, which contained some reflections on the former physicians of Bethlehem. Dr. Monro was a man of cultivated tastes; he was particularly conversant with early engravings, and his collection is frequently referred to by Strutt in his Dictionary of Engravers. He died at Hadley, near Barnet, December 27, 1791, in his seventy-seventh year.—F. C. W.
MONROE, James, fifth president of the United States, was born in 1759 in the county of Westmoreland, Virginia At college when the declaration of independence was promulgated, he entered the revolutionary army, and served with considerable distinction until the close of the war. He then studied for the bar, became a member of the legislature of Virginia, and in 1783 was sent to congress for the appointed term of three years. He was afterwards one of the delegates to the convention which met to frame the constitution of the United States, and from 1789 to 1794 he sat in the new congress as senator from Virginia. Belonging to a political party which Washington wished to conciliate, he was sent in 1794 as minister to France, but was recalled for displaying, the administration thought, a tendency to sacrifice American interests to those of France. On his return he published a vindication of himself, re-entered the legislature of Virginia, and became governor of his native state. After the triumph of his party, when Jefferson was elected president, Monroe was sent to Paris to join Livingstone in negotiating the sale of Louisiana by France to the United States. That object accomplished, he was transferred to London, where he discussed the rights of neutrals, and even got the length in 1807 of negotiating a treaty with the British government; but Jefferson refused to ratify it. Returning, again dissatisfied, to the States, he found his claims to the presidency rejected in favour of Madison, who, however, made Monroe (1811) his secretary of state. He retained that position until, the war with England, during the last six months of which he took the war department, and by his vigour contributed to the successful resistance of the States. At the close of the war he resumed his former office, and in 1817 was elected president. He was re-elected without opposition in 1821, and in 1825 retired to his residence in London county, Virginia. He died in 1831. Without brilliancy, Monroe was a man of judgment and tenacity. During his presidency Florida was added to the United States, and he has given his name to the "Monroe doctrine," as it is called, that no European power has a right to interfere in the affairs of America, north or south. There is a tumid but instructive biography of him in President John Quincy Adams' Lives of J. Madison and J. Monroe, Rochester, U. S., 1850.—F. E.
MONSTRELET, Enguerrand de, a French chronicler of the fifteenth century, born about 1390, and died in 1453. He was a gentleman of good family in Cambray, and died governor of that town. He was also bailiff of Balincourt. His chronicle begins at the year 1400, and extends to the year of his death, 1453. An addition by another and unknown hand carries the history down to the year 1467. The title under which it was printed is "Chronique 'Enguerrand de Monstrelet, Gentilhomme, jædis demeurant à Cambrai en Cambresis." The best edition is that of Paris, published in two volumes folio in 1572. The chronicle, although prolix, is an important contribution to history, filling the space between the chronicle of Froissart and the history of Comines. He gives a narrative of the wars between the house of Orleans and the dukes of Burgundy, the capture of Normandy and Paris by the English, the subsequent expulsion of the English, and the memorable events that took place during the same period. The number of original documents it contains renders this chronicle of great value to the historian. It has been translated into English by Thomas Johnes.—P. E. D.
MONTAGNA, Benedetto, an artist of Vicenza, who flourished in the early part of the sixteenth century. As a painter he imitated Giovanni Bellini; but he is better known by his engravings. He was among the earliest and best of the Lombardo-Venetian engravers. His prints, mostly from his own designs, are chiefly of scriptural or mythological subjects; the latter exhibiting rather freely the nude female form. Montagna copied some of the plates of Albert Durer, and profited by so doing. The date of his death is unknown; he was alive in 1533.—J. T—e.
MONTAGNE, Jean François Camille, a distinguished Parisian botanist, was born in Paris about 1783. In early life he entered the navy, and was with Napoleon in Egypt. He afterwards entered the army as surgeon. He studied languages, and occupied himself at first in philological pursuits. Subsequently he prosecuted natural history. His attention was particularly directed to cryptogamic botany, and he was the first mycologist of the day. His writings are very numerous. They include various memoirs on fungi; notices of the flora of Bombay; description of new cryptogamic plants of North America; prodromus of the flora of Juan Fernandez; cryptogamic plants of France; reproduction of caulerpæ; Algerian cryptogams; cellular plants of Brazil; sertum Patagonicum; Florula Boliviensis; remarks on laminariæ; on the structure and physiology of mushrooms; on the cryptogams of the Nilgiris; on the colour of the Red Sea; on the cellular plants of the Philippine islands; on antarctic cellular plants; and on the morphology of lichens.—J. H. B.
MONTAGU, Basil, a natural son of John, fourth earl of Sandwich, was born in London, April 24, 1770. His mother, Miss Ray, was assassinated in 1779 in the piazza of Covent Garden, by a clergyman, the Rev. Mr. Hickman, who had conceived a mad passion for her. Educated first at the Charterhouse and subsequently at Cambridge, Basil Montagu was called to the bar in 1798. His father had died six years previously, but the handsome bequest he left to him was set aside by a suit in chancery. An intimacy with Godwin, Coleridge, and other "advanced" thinkers, induced Montagu to form the intention of abandoning the law; but he was dissuaded from doing so by Sir James Mackintosh, and although he never obtained eminence as a public pleader, he published numerous works on legal subjects, and especially on the law of bankruptcy, which procured him both fame and employment. An honest and disinterested man, he laboured to promote legal reforms, even in that branch of the profession from which his own income was derived. A diligent student of our noblest writers, he published "Selections from the works of Taylor, Hooker, Hall, and Lord Bacon, with an Analysis of the Advancement of Learning," 12mo, 1805, and edited the works of Francis Bacon, lord chancellor of England, in 16 vols., 8vo, London, 1825-34. He co-operated with Romilly in his efforts to abolish the punishment of death for minor offences, and published in all about forty volumes. He died at Boulogne, November 27th, 1851.—W. J. P.
MONTAGU, C., Earl of Halifax. See Halifax.
MONTAGUE, Sir Edward, Lord Chief-justice of the courts of king's bench and common pleas successively, was one of the Montagues of Hemington in Northamptonshire, in which county, at Brigstock, he was born towards the close of the fifteenth century. He went to the bar and entered the house of commons. In the parliament of 1523 he is said to have made a violent speech against the breach of privilege committed by Wolsey, who came in state to the house of commons, and harangued its members on the duty of granting the supply asked for by the king. Henry, so runs the story, sent next day for Montague, and said to him—"Ho! will they not let my bill pass?" The frightened Montague fell on his knees, and Henry added—"Get my bill to pass by twelve of the clock to-morrow, or else by two of the clock to-morrow this head of yours shall be off." Whatever the truth of this story, Montague rose afterwards into favour with the king, and in 1539 was made chief-justice of the king's bench. Finding judicial compliance with all Henry's demands too much for his conscience, according to Lord Campbell, he exchanged the king's bench for the less dignified but also less responsible common pleas, of which he was made chief-justice in 1546. He retained his office during the reign of Edward VI., and was half frightened, half persuaded, into drawing up the will by which Edward altered the succession in favour of Lady Jane Grey. For this he was punished on the accession of Mary by a fine and the loss of his office. He died in retirement in 1556. From Sir E. Montague the earls and dukes of Manchester descended in a direct line.—F. E.
