tion, on the ground that in the long run it made the balance of trade to be in favour of England. Of the now exploded doctrine of the balance of trade Mun is regarded as one of the earliest and most successful expositors. The "Discourse of Trade" was published in the Select Collection of Early English Tracts on Commerce, printed under the editorship of the Political Economy Club by Mr. Macculloch in 1856.—F. E.
* MUNBY, Giles, an English botanist, was born at York about the year 1815. He prosecuted his studies first in England, and afterwards at the university of Edinburgh. He devoted much attention to natural history, and was one of the founders of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh. He made many excursions in Scotland with the late Professor Graham, and became well acquainted with the British flora. He subsequently took charge of a museum on the continent, and afterwards settled at Algiers, where he now carries on extensive agricultural and horticultural operations. He published a "Flore d'Algerie," and a series of fasciculi of dried plants to illustrate the flora.—J. H. B.
MÜNCH, Ernst Hermann Joseph von, a prolific German historical writer, was born at Rheinfelden, 25th October, 1798. He studied at Freiburg in the Breisgau, where in 1824 he was promoted to a professorship. In 1828 he was called to the chair of ecclesiastical history at Liege, but by the protestant tendency of his writings became soon involved in difficulties, and was glad to be transplanted to the Hague in the capacity of librarian. Soon after, however, he accepted the offer of a librarianship at Stuttgart. He died at his native place 9th June, 1841. Although most of his writings are of too superficial a character to claim more than an ephemeral value, yet his talent and versatility must be acknowledged.—K. E.
* MUNCH, Peter Andreas, an eminent Norwegian antiquary and philologist, was born at Christiania on the 15th of December, 1810. After the usual course of academical study, he became, in the first place, "lector," and then professor of history in the university of his native town. His favourite subject is the exposition and illustration of the ancient history and languages of Norway and the North, in reference to which he has written numerous and excellent works. Alike in literature and in politics he is intensely, perhaps even unwarrantably, patriotic: for in his zeal in behalf of Norway he has been too prone to forget the more vitally important cause of the unity of Scandinavia; but this is a comparatively venial error.—J. J.
* MÜNCH-BELLINGHAUSEN, Eligius Franz Joseph, Baron von, better known under his nom de plume Friedrich Halm, a German dramatist, was born at Cracow, 2nd April, 1806, of a noble Austrian family. He was carefully educated, and early attempted dramatic composition. Among his plays, "Griseldis" and "The Son of the Wilderness" were hailed with the greatest applause, while the rest had but little success; they were also translated into various languages. Since 1845 he holds an office in the imperial library at Vienna.—K. E.
MÜNCHHAUSEN, Hieronymus Karl Friedrich, Baron von, the famous story-teller, was born at his father's estate of Bodenwerder, Hanover, in 1720, and died in 1797. He served in the Russian army against the Turks in 1737-39; the adventures of which campaign served him as an inexhaustible mine for the most fabulous stories and anecdotes. A collection of them was published at London by a certain Professor Raspe, formerly of Cassel, under the title—"Baron Münchhausen's Narrative of his marvellous Travels and Campaigns in Russia," 1785. This narrative was translated into German by the poet Bürger, with additions by himself, and by Professor Lichtenberg, the great satirist.—(See Introduction to Des Freiherrn von Münchhausen's wunderbare Reisen und Abenteuer, by Ellisen; Göttingen and Berlin, 1849.)—K. E.
MUNDAY, Anthony, born in 1553, educated abroad, especially in one of the colleges of Rome, became protestant on his return to England, and having discovered the treasonable practices of Edmund Campion, denounced them to the government. He was afterwards employed as a servant by the earl of Oxford, and latterly became a queen's messenger. Besides the "Mirror of Mutabilitie," he published a number of miscellaneous pieces in prose and verse, including several vigorous dramas.
MUNDEN, Joseph Saunders, a celebrated comic actor, was born in London in 1758. He was apprenticed to a law stationer, but was infected with a love for the stage while copying out the parts of actors. He joined a strolling company, then settled for a while at the theatre of Canterbury, and finally accepted an engagement at Covent Garden theatre, where he exercised his extraordinary power of exciting the laughter of the audience for a period of twenty-three years. He went to Drury Lane in 1813; and retiring from the stage in 1824, lived to the good old age of seventy-four.—R. H.
MUNDINUS or MONDINO, a celebrated Italian physician and anatomist of the fourteenth century. He filled for many years the chair of medicine in the university of Bologna, and died there between 1318 and 1326. He is chiefly known as an anatomist, and appears to have been the first among the moderns who dissected the human body, and thus revived the study of anatomy. Though a great admirer of Galen and Avicenna, he did not merely copy them; but in his chief work, "Anatome omnium humani corporis interiorum membrorum," has given a detailed description of all the parts of the human body. This work was published in 1315, and was held in such repute by the university of Padua, that by special statutes the use of any other text-book was prohibited in their school. It has gone through numerous editions.—W. B—d.
MUNDT, Theodor, a prolific German novelist and miscellaneous writer, was born at Potsdam, 19th September, 1808, and died at Berlin, 30th November, 1861. He early entered upon a literary career; but belonging to the so-called Young Germany, his writings were prohibited, and he was not admitted as a lecturer in the Berlin university. He therefore travelled for a time, and then settled at Berlin. In 1848 he was appointed professor extraordinary of literary history at Breslau, and two years later recalled to Berlin as librarian to the university, which office he resigned some time after. Although originally possessed of brilliant parts he did not fulfil the promise of his youth, and was by degrees driven to mere book-making. In this latter respect he is still surpassed by his widow, * Clara Mundt, whose maiden name was Müller. She was born at Neubrandenburg, Mecklenburg, 2nd January, 1814, and was married in 1839. Under the assumed name of L. Mühlbach she is one of the most popular of modern novelists, and is even more prolific than her husband. Her fictions display considerable ability, but in point of taste are open to severe criticism.—K. E.
* MUNDY, George Rodney, Rear-admiral of the White, is a grandson of Lord Rodney, and nephew of Admiral Sir George Mundy. He was born in 1805, studied at the Royal naval college, and in 1819 entered as midshipman on board the Phaeton. He became lieutenant in 1826, and commodore two years later. In 1833 he was sent on a mission to Belgium, then at war with Holland. On his return he was appointed to the command of the Favourite, an 18-gun sloop, with which he cruised about on the coast of Syria. In 1846 he was sent into the Indian archipelago, and did good service against the pirates of Borneo. He wrote "A Narrative of Events in Borneo, down to the occupation of Labuan by Rajah Sir James Brooke," 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1848. He attained to the rank of rear-admiral on the 30th July, 1857.—R. H.
MUNDY, John, was organist first of Eton college, and afterwards of the free chapel of Windsor, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. In the year 1586, at the same time with Bull, he was admitted to the degree of bachelor in music at Oxford, and about forty years afterwards to that of doctor. He died in 1630. Mundy was an able performer on the organ and virginal. Some of his compositions are preserved in Queen Elizabeth's virginal book; and among them a fantasia, by which he endeavours to convey an idea of fair weather, lightning, thunder, calm weather, and a fair day—Beethoven's Pastoral Symphony in embryo! Many of the passages require great command of hand; but he has signally failed to give us the most remote idea of the subjects he intended to convey. He composed several madrigals for five voices; and was likewise the author of a work, published in 1594, entitled "Songs and Psalmes, composed into three, four, and five parts, for the use and delight of all such as either love or learne Musicke." "Some of these," says Dr. Burney, "are considerably above mediocrity in harmony and design. Indeed, I think I can discover more art in some of his movements, than is to be found in those of any of his contemporary musicians of the second class."—E. F. R.
MUNNICH or MUNIC, Burchard Christoph von, Count, a distinguished officer in the service of Russia, was born in Oldenburg in 1683. He entered the army of Hesse Cassel, served under Prince Eugene in Flanders, attained the rank of colonel, then entered the service of Poland, quitted it for that
