A.M. in 1651, and was ordained by Hall, the ejected bishop of Norwich. He became B.D. in 1658, and vicar of Battersea. In 1661 he was elected master of Queen's college, but the election, as it contravened a royal mandate, was set aside. In 1662 he became incumbent of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, and remained with his flock during the plague. In 1666 he got his degree of D.D. at Oxford, having taken some offence at Cambridge. Becoming a royal chaplain, he wrote against nonconformity in a bitter strain, and published also various doctrinal and devotional pieces—"Christian sacrifice," "Jesus and the Resurrection," "The devout Christian," &c. In 1672 he became prebendary of Westminster, and in 1679 dean of Peterborough. Under the reign of James II. he was unflinchingly true to his protestantism, and in 1686 debated manfully with two popish priests in presence of the king and the earl of Rochester whose conversion was greedily desired. In 1689 he was promoted to the see of Chichester, and in 1691 to that of Ely, where he died in 1707. Bishop Patrick wrote a commentary on the historical parts of the Old Testament, and Paraphrases on Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Solomon, which are now usually bound up with Lowth on the Prophets, Arnauld on the Apocrypha, and Whitby on the New Testament. Bishop Patrick had learning, good sense, and industry, and his expository notes are still to be consulted with profit.—J. E.
PATRIZI, Francesco (Patricius), a Christian Platonist, born in the island of Cherso, between Istria and Dalmatia, about 1529; died in 1597. By turns geometrician, historian, orator, poet, Patrizi is chiefly memorable as the erudite exponent and adversary of Aristotelic philosophy, in his day patronized by Cardinal Bellarmin; and the promulgator of Christian Platonism. In 1578 he was called by Alphonso II., duke of Ferrara, to a chair of Platonic philosophy; and subsequently under Clement VIII. accepted in Rome a similar professorship, which he held until his death. Amongst his works may be noted his very learned "Discussiones Peripateticæ," which set forth his estimate of Aristotle, published in one vol., Venice, 1571, and with three additional vols., Basle, 1581; his dialogues, "Delia Rettorica," in one of which a theory of the earth is propounded, in which a resemblance has been remarked to that subsequently proposed by Dr. Thomas Burnet; and, in a different style, "L'Eridano," a laudatory poem on the house of Este, composed in the Martellian (thirteen syllable) metre.—C. G. R.
PATRU, Olivier, was born at Paris in 1604, and rapidly rose into distinction as a pleader. According to Voltaire he was the first who introduced accuracy and elegance of style into legal proceedings. On being admitted to the Academy in 1640 he delivered an inaugural address, the eloquence of which was so much admired that the custom has ever since prevailed of requiring each new member to pronounce an oration on the occasion of his admission. Amongst his numerous friends and admirers was Colbert, who visited him during his last illness. Patru, whose eminence as a critic was equal to his renown as an advocate, died in 1681. His miscellaneous works were printed at Paris in 1670, 4to, of which the third edition appeared in 1714, and the whole in 1732, two vols., 4to.—W. J. P.
PATTISON, William, an English poet, was born in 1706 at Peasmarsh, three miles from Rye. He was sent to school at Appleby, and thence to Sidney college, Cambridge, where, however, he achieved no distinction. Hastening to London when his terms were over, he mingled with the wits of the town, spent what fortune he had, and was reduced to the humiliating position of a dependent on the notorious bookseller, Curll. His misery was brought to an end by the small-pox, of which he died in his twenty-first year. He was buried in St. Clement Danes's churchyard. His works were published in 1728.—R. H.
PAUL I. (Petrowitz), Emperor of Russia, was the son of Peter III. and Catherine II., and was born on the 1st of October, 1754. He was educated by the celebrated physician Æpinus and by Count Panin, of whose services he always showed a grateful remembrance. He married in 1774 the daughter of the landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, who died two years after, and he took for his second wife Mary of Wurtemberg, niece to the king of Prussia. In 1781 Paul and his duchess undertook a lengthened tour, and visited Poland, Austria, Italy, France, and Holland, and were everywhere cordially received both by the sovereigns and the people, on whom his apparently amiable character produced a favourable impression. On his return his mother treated him with great affection, but did not allow him to take any part in the administration of public affairs. Though as heir apparent he was generalissimo of the armies and grand admiral of the Baltic, he was never permitted to command a regiment or to visit the fleet at Cronstadt, and passed his life in a state of obscurity and retirement. It is generally believed that Catherine, perceiving in her son tokens of insanity or mental imbecility, considered him disqualified for the throne; and that a short time before her death she prepared a will, addressed to the senate, desiring that Paul should be passed over in the succession, and that the crown should be conferred upon the Grand Duke Alexander. It is said that on her death, Zuboff, her last favourite, to whom this important document had been intrusted, delivered it up to Paul, who liberally rewarded him for this service. Paul was in his forty-second year when the death of his mother, 17th November, 1796, placed him on the imperial throne. One of his first acts was to cause the body of his murdered father to be disinterred, solemnly crowned, laid in state, watched by the two surviving assassins, and then deposited with great pomp in the sepulchre of his mother. He speedily made a total overturn in the court, exiled his mother's favourites, and recalled and loaded with honours those whom she had disgraced, introduced a considerable number of capricious changes both into the army and the administration of civil affairs, and offended the nobility by the enactment of a number of frivolous and vexatious regulations. He embraced with great ardour the cause of monarchy, gave an asylum in his dominions to Louis XVIII., and in 1798 sent an army of forty-five thousand men under Suwaroff to the assistance of the Austrians in Italy, and another strong force under Korsakoff. In the following year he entered into a treaty of alliance with his Britannic majesty, from whom he received a liberal subsidy on condition that he should send a body of troops to assist in the expedition against Holland. But in the course of a few months (December, 1800), the fickle monarch suddenly laid an embargo on the British shipping which lay in his ports, openly deserted his ally, and proclaimed the great northern coalition with France against Great Britain. Not content with this violation of his engagements, he confiscated the property of the English, and even banished the sailors to Siberia, while his own subjects suffered still more severely from his capricious tyranny. At length Count Pahlen, governor of St. Petersburg, Zuboff, and other men of rank, disgusted and alarmed at these acts of insane folly and oppression, entered into a conspiracy against him. On the night of the 11th of March, 1801, they broke into his chamber, and after a desperate resistance strangled him with a sash. Paul was not without some good qualities, and occasionally gave proofs of a generous and affectionate disposition, and even of intellectual vigour. He formed a number of canals, erected the beautiful palace of Michaïloff in St. Petersburg, and established an hospital for the education of the orphans of soldiers. To him also Russia is indebted for the settlement of succession to the throne according to the law of primogeniture. By his second wife Paul left four sons and three daughters. He was succeeded by Alexander I.—J. T.
PAUL I., Pope, was brother of Stephen II. of Rome, whom he succeeded in the see of St. Peter's in 757. He had two foes, the Lombard king, Desiderius, and the Emperor Constantine, against whom he had to maintain the newly-acquired exarchate of Ravenna. Desiderius made frequent incursions into the states of the church, and Paul complained of these to Pepin, king of the Franks. In 760 Frankish messengers succeeded in reconciling the two parties. But Desiderius did not rest; and the emperor concerted measures with him relative to their plundering Ravenna together. Constantine's plan was not carried out, though he partly succeeded in detaching Pepin from the pope. After various messages between the Greek and Frank courts, and some correspondence with Paul, Pepin summoned the synod of Gentilly, near Paris, in 767. Paul died soon after, 28th June, 767. He was the first pope who was buried in St. Paul's, outside the walls of Rome.—S. D.
PAUL II. (Peter Barbo), Pope, was a Venetian, cardinal-priest of St. Mark. He was elevated to the see of St. Peter, 30th August, 1464. Before his elevation he had taken an oath to the effect that he would continue the war against the Turks, introduce strict discipline, reform the college of cardinals by limiting it to twenty-four members, and have a general council called within three years to correct abuses in the church. After obtaining the episcopate he did not fulfil his oath. He collected, it is true, a great deal of money for carrying on the Turkish war,
