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QUADRATUS, an early ecclesiastical writer of whom we know but little. Eusebius says that he was a disciple of the apostles, meaning probably the apostles John or Philip. As the historian adds that, like Philip's daughters, he had the gift of prophecy, he would seem at any rate to have been a disciple of Philip. He seems to have been a native of Asia Minor, and lived at Magnesia where, perhaps, he was bishop. In 126 he presented an "Apology" to Hadrian which was still extant in the seventh century. It has been supposed by some that he suffered martyrdom: it is more probable that he did not. The "Apology" is now lost, with the exception of a fragment preserved by Eusebius, who says that it was commonly read in his day, and speaks in praise of the writer. In the same century of the christian era there was another Quadratus, often confounded with the preceding, but clearly a different person. The latter became bishop of Athens under Antoninus Pius, and succeeded Publius, who suffered martyrdom. Quadratus, according to Dionysius' letter in Eusebius, endeavoured to collect the dispersed members of the church and infuse new life into it. Nothing certain is known about his death, though it is said that he suffered martyrdom. The two Quadrati have been often confounded since the time of Jerome, who first committed the mistake. One error, as usual, led to others, so that the predecessor of Quadratus in the bishopric of Athens, namely, Publius, was made the immediate follower of Dionysius the Areopagite, first bishop of Athens, according to tradition. Valesius and Tillemont rightly distinguished the two Quadrati: it is to be regretted that Cave and others followed Jerome in confounding them.—S. D.
QUADRIO, Francesco Saverio, critic, born at Ponte, Valtellina, 1st December, 1695; died in Milan, 21st November, 1756. Early in life he joined the order of St. Ignatius, probably before he could estimate his own character or the temptations which would beset him; for in later days we find him suspicious, despondent, and suffering in bodily health from the fret of mental anxiety. At length, in 1744, having obtained permission to try the effects of a country sojourn, he abandoned his religious habit on the high road near Como, and proceeded into Switzerland, where he resided for some time, rejecting the overtures made to him by protestant learned bodies, and carrying on more than one controversy. His next removal was to Paris, where he met Voltaire; and finally, Pope Benedict XIV. having all along treated him with marked indulgence and at length placed him above the reach of want, Quadrio retired into a convent of Barnabites, where he died. Besides less important works, he has left "Dissertazioni criticostoriche intorno alla Rezia di qua dalle Alpi, oggi detta Valtellina," which display their author's learning, whilst a preface explains the motives which resulted in his change of calling; and "Storia e Ragione d'ogni Poesia," an elaborate history of poetry, which bears the stamp of conscientiousness and unsparing industry, but has been judged inaccurate, and as regards English literature, is singularly jejune and inadequate.—C. G. R.
QUAGLIO, Dominik, a distinguished architectural painter, of an Italian family originally, but a native of Munich in Bavaria, where his father, Giuseppe Quaglio, was established as a scene-painter. Domenico or Dominicus, as he signed his pictures, was born in 1787, was instructed in his art by his father, and first distinguished himself as a scene-painter; but he eventually forsook the stage, and devoted himself exclusively to painting and drawing small but elaborate views of all the most remarkable middle age buildings or places in Germany, distinguished for their Gothic architecture. His lithographic drawings are as admirable as his paintings, and both are of unusual excellence. His style is adequately shown in a series of large lithographs published in Munich under the title of "Sammlung Denkwürdiger Gebäude des Mittelalters in Deutschland." He died of apoplexy, April 9, 1837, at Hohenschwangau, in the Bavarian Alps, the castle of which he was restoring for the crown prince, the present king of Bavaria. There are twelve of Quaglio's pictures in the New Pinakothek at Munich.—R. N. W.
QUAIN, Jones, M.D., a writer upon anatomy, was born at Mallow in Ireland. After having studied in Paris he came to London, and began to lecture on anatomy in Aldersgate Street school. On the establishment of University college, London, he was appointed to fill the chair of anatomy and physiology, and contributed not a little to the success of its medical school. His reputation had already been made by the publication of his "Elements of Anatomy," 2 vols. 8vo, a systematic treatise which soon became, and still continues to be, the text-book of students. The sixth edition, edited by Professors Sharpey and Ellis, appeared in 1856. A more elaborate and costly work was brought out in 1842 by Dr. Quain and Mr. Erasmus Wilson, being a series of anatomical plates in royal folio size, illustrating the anatomy of the human body in the several divisions of bones and ligaments, muscles, nerves, vessels, and viscera. In 1836 Dr. Quain retired from his official position at University college. He died on the 29th of January, 1865.—R. H.
* QUAIN, Richard, F.R.C.S., younger brother of the preceding, has rendered equally great services to the science of anatomy by his lectures and published works. He was born at Mallow, and educated under the eye of his brother. At University college he was appointed demonstrator when his brother was the professor; he succeeded the latter in the chair of anatomy, and in 1845 brought out the "Anatomy of the Arteries of the human body, with its application to Pathology and Operative Surgery." This magnificent work, consisting of a series of lithographic plates, with an accompanying commentary, is undoubtedly the most complete and exhaustive work on the subject in our own or probably any other language. Professor Quain has also contributed some very important observations on the process of ossification in the human skeleton to the fifth edition of Dr. Quain's Elements of Anatomy, which he edited conjointly with Dr. Sharpey. In 1848 he was appointed professor of clinical surgery to University college, and he soon after resigned the chair of anatomy to Mr. Ellis. Mr. Quain is a member of the council of the College of Surgeons, F.R.S., surgeon to University college hospital, and consulting surgeon to the Eye infirmary. He is the author of a work "On Diseases of the Rectum," and of various essays in the Medico-Chirurgical Transactions on "Dislocation of the hip," "On Nævus," &c., &c.—R. H.
QUAIN, Richard, M.D., cousin to the preceding, is also a native of Mallow, and was educated at London University college. He has distinguished himself by his papers "On fatty diseases of the heart," "On injuries to the valves of the heart," "On apoplexy," and "On the stethometer," an instrument which he has invented for measuring the movements of the chest during respiration. He became M.B. in 1840, and M.D. in 1842. He is a member of the senate of London university, and physician to the hospital for consumption at Brompton.—R. H.
QUARLES, Francis, an English poet of the seventeenth century, was born near Rumford in Essex in 1592. He went to Cambridge, and we hear of him as a member of Christ's college in the year 1608. He afterwards began to read law at Lincoln's inn, with the object, as his widow innocently remarks, of "composing suits and differences between his neighbours." By some unknown instrumentality he was taken into favour at court, and was appointed cup-bearer to James I.'s daughter
