marked progress in oriental languages, he removed to Bologna, and during three years cultivated the same branch of erudition under the marvellous linguist Giuseppe Mezzofanti, afterwards cardinal. In 1823 he published "La fionda di David," a dissertation elucidatory of the Hebrew biblical text; subsequently entered upon his duties as oriental professor in the university of Pisa, and contributed papers to the Pisan Nuovo Giornale de' Letterati and the Florentine Antologia. In 1826 Rosellini published "Il sistema geroglifico di Champollion minore, dichiarato ed esposto all' intelligenza di tutti," which gave rise to an intimacy between himself and Champollion only broken by death. Together they inspected the Egyptian treasures preserved in Italian museums, together removed to Paris to prosecute similar researches, and finally Rosellini, with six companions on behalf of Tuscany, joined Champollion and five comrades commissioned by France, to examine ancient monuments in their native Egypt. They started from Toulon in 1827, and returned to Europe in 1830. To Champollion the historical monuments were assigned, to Rosellini the civil and religious; but the former dying in March, 1832, the entire charge devolved on Rosellini. It was therefore under his name alone that the voluminous record of their joint undertaking appeared, bearing the title "I Monumenti dell' Egitto e della Nubia disegnati dalla spedizione scientifica-letteraria Toscana in Egitto, distribuiti in ordine di materie, interpretati ed illustrati dal Professore Ippolito Rosellini." Nor was the survivor unmindful of his lost friend's reputation: witness his "Tributo di riconoscenza e d'amore alla memoria di Champollion," printed in Pisa. The "Elementa linguæ Ægyptiacæ, vulgo Copticæ, quæ auditoribus suis in patrio Athenæo Pisano tradebat Hippolytus Rosellinus," published by the care of Padre Ungarelli, contain the substance of a course of lectures delivered by Rosellini on his return from the East. In 1837 he was appointed librarian to the Pisan university; and, when certain reforms were carried out in that seat of learning, he was called in 1840 to the chair of universal history, which he occupied until his death. To this same university Rosellini bequeathed his collection of Egyptian MSS., among which is found an uncompleted "Dizionario Geroglifico" (Dictionary of Hieroglyphics), containing several thousand names. The drawings and plates he had no power to dispose of, as they remained the property of the grand duke.—C. G. R.
ROSEN, Friedrich August, the famous philologist, was born at Hanover, 2nd September, 1805. After passing through the gymnasium at Göttingen, he entered the university of Leipsic in 1822, and that of Berlin in 1824, devoting his attention specially to Sanscrit under Professor Bopp. On taking his degree in 1826 he published his "Corporis Radicum Sanscritarum Prolusio," enlarged the following year into his "Radices Sanscritæ," Berlin, 1827. This work gave great promise of future excellence. The Semitic languages were not neglected by Rosen, especially Arabic and Persic; and he prepared for publication several sections of the great epic poem of the Persians, the Sháh Náhmah. In 1828 he became professor of oriental languages in the recently established university of London, now called University college. The connection of England with India makes Hindustani a necessary study to many young men, and Rosen so applied himself to it as soon to be able to teach it with acceptance. Some years afterwards he resigned this professorship, but accepted one of Sanscrit, his favourite study. He was also secretary to the Oriental Translation Committee, and in this capacity, at the suggestion of Colebrooke, he published the Arabic text of the Algebra of Mohammed Ben Musa, with an English translation and notes. He was also honorary foreign secretary of the Royal Asiatic Society. In 1830 he published his "Rig Vedæ Specimen"—a specimen showing what in more propitious circumstances he could achieve. He revised the "Dictionary of Bengali, Sanscrit and English," published by Sir Graves Houghton, London, 1833-34. He compiled also the Catalogus Codicum Manuscriptorum Syriacorum et Carshunicorum in Museo Britannico. For this purpose he had to study and master Syriac. The catalogue was published by the Rev. Mr. Forshall after Rosen's death. He wrote many articles on oriental literature in the Penny Encylopædia, and several reviews in the Journal of Education. In 1836 he began to print the Hymns of the "Rig Veda," and a first volume was nearly ready for publication in the following year, when he died suddenly, 12th September, 1837, in the thirty-second year of his age. His premature death created deep sensation, for it blasted many hopes. Rosen's industry and erudition were only equalled by his obliging temper, and his gentle and kind disposition. His pastime was labour, and his linguistic acquirements foreboded eminence of no ordinary kind. But the blossom had scarcely opened when the tree perished. The book which his death interrupted was published by the Translation Committee, "Rig Veda Sanhita, Liber Primus, Sanscrite et Latine," London, 4to, 1838.—J. E.
* ROSENKRANZ, Johann Karl Friedrich, a German philosophical writer, was born at Magdeburg, April 23, 1805, and studied at Berlin, Halle, and Heidelberg. In 1828 he began lecturing at Halle, was in 1831 promoted to an extraordinary professorship, and in 1833 called to the chair of philosophy at Königsberg, the duties of which he still ably discharges. He is one of the most distinguished followers of Hegel, and has in his numerous writings successfully endeavoured to propagate and improve the system of his great master.—K. E.
ROSENMÜLLER, Ernst Friedrich Karl, son of Johann Georg, was born in 1768. He studied at Leipsic under Morus, Plainer, Beck, and others. In 1795 he was chosen extraordinary professor of Arabic, and in 1813 ordinary professor of oriental literature in the university of Leipsic, and he spent the remaining years of his life in this situation. He was a more profound and accurate scholar than his father. His most voluminous work is his "Scholia in Vetus Testamentum," in twenty-three volumes. The work was unfinished at his death, the historical books from Joshua to Esther not having been expounded. He also wrote a "Handbuch der Biblischer Alterthumskunde," in four volumes, an excellent work; "Institutiones linguæ Arabicæ," a clear and valuable compend on the basis of the Grammaire of De Sacy; and Das Alte und Neue Morgenland, in six volumes, 1818-20; and "Analecta Arabica," 1826. Rosenmüller died on the 17th September, 1835. He was a man of great learning, cultivated taste, continuous industry, and vast acquirements. His "Scholia" are often prolix, but always worth consultation. Several rationalistic opinions in the first edition are modified or abandoned in the second. There is an abridged edition of the "Scholia" in five volumes, executed by Lechner under the author's superintendence.—J. E.
ROSENMÜLLER, Johann Georg, distinguished as a biblical scholar, was born at Ummerstadt in 1736. On the completion of his academic and theological course he entered the ministry, and in 1773 became professor of divinity in the university of Erlangen. After holding this situation with credit, he removed to Giessen, and in 1785 finally settled at Leipsic. His "Scholia in Novum Testamentum," which appeared in 1801-8, are well known, but they are rather easy and superficial, having neither depth of thought nor learning. His "Historia Interpretationis," Lipsiæ, 1795-1814, in five volumes, is a far better production, and evinces sound learning and no small industry. He published also at an early period of his life, "Emendationes et Supplementa ad Novum Testamentum," 1789; and a volume of sermons in 1814. He died in 1815.—J. E.
ROSINUS, Johann, a German antiquary, whose real name was Rossfeld, was born at Eisenach in 1551. He first held a mastership in the gymnasium of Ratisbon, and afterwards became protestant minister at Naumburg, where he died, 7th October, 1626. His "Antiquitatum Romanarum Corpus absolutissimum," Basil. 1583, was for a long time held in high repute. He also edited the Chronicon Saracenicum of Wolfgang Dreschler, and a collection of the minor works of Luther.—K. E.
ROSS, Alexander, D.D., a Scottish divine, was the son of the parish minister of Strachan in Kincardineshire, and was born probably about 1570. He was successively minister of Insch of Footdee (1631), and of St. Nicholas church, Aberdeen (1636). He was a zealous Episcopalian, and offered a strenuous resistance to the tenets and projects of the Covenantors. He died in 1639. Dr. Ross was the author of "A Consolatorie Sermon," preached upon the death of Bishop Patrick Forbes in 1635.—J. T.
ROSS, Alexander, a voluminous writer, was born at Aberdeen in 1590. He quitted his native country for England, but at what time is unknown, and was appointed chaplain to Charles I., and master of the grammar-school of Southampton. He was a protegè of Archbishop Laud, and a zealous partisan of the king in the great civil war. He died in 1654, and bequeathed a sum of money to endow two bursaries in Aberdeen, besides legacies for various charitable purposes. The principal works of Ross are "Virgilii Evangelisantes Christiados," 1634—a publication which attracted some notice in consequence of the notorious Lauder having accused Milton of plagiarizing it; "Rerum
