1587, at his mansion-house of Standon. His wife had been laundress in the house of Thomas Cromwell, and married in the belief that her first husband, Matthew Barne, a London tradesman, was dead, when he was only absent from home. An act of parliament was passed, 37 Henry VIII. for the legitimation of Sadler's children by her.—(See Sadler's State Papers and Letters, edited by A. Clifford, 2 vols. 4to, 1809; and a Memoir by Sir W. Scott.)—R. H.
SADOC, founder of the sect of the Sadducees, lived about 248 b.c. He was a fellow-disciple of Bäithus or Bäithosus, and both received their opinions from Antigonus, successor of Simon the Just in the presidentship of the Sanhedrim. As their teacher frequently inculcated on them the necessity of serving God without any idea of gain or reward, they inferred that there was no hereafter. From Sadoc the sect of the Sadducees took their name and rise. Many, however, deny that the Sadoc of whom we read in the Talmudists the particulars just stated was the founder of the sect, and suppose that another and older Sadoc was their head; whilst others derive the name of the sect from a Hebrew word denoting justice. The Sadducees rejected the resurrection of the dead and the existence of angels. Perhaps, also, they rejected the traditions, and received no more than the five books of Moses. They were the liberal thinkers among the Jews, not by any means so numerous as the Pharisees, but principally consisting of the higher class of society, and therefore the most polished. The most reliable account of the Sadducees is that given by Josephus, who says, "The doctrine of the Sadducees is that souls die with the bodies; nor do they regard the observance of anything besides what the law enjoins them, for they think it an instance of virtue to dispute with those teachers of philosophy whom they frequent; but this doctrine is received but by a few, yet by those still of the greatest dignity. But they are able to do almost nothing of themselves, for when they become magistrates, as they are unwillingly and by force sometimes obliged to be, they addict themselves to the notions of the Pharisees, because the multitude would not otherwise bear them."—S. D.
SADOLETO, Jacopo, Cardinal and author; born in Modena, 22nd July, 1477; died in Rome, 18th October, 1547. Having gone through a course of learned and polite study, he became secretary to Leo X., and in 1517 was appointed by him to the bishopric of Carpentras; but it was not until Adrian VI. succeeded to the popedom that Sadoleto quitted Rome to reside in his diocese. He was reinstated in his post of secretary by Clement VII.; but his counsels not being adopted, he obtained leave to return to Carpentras just in time to escape witnessing the sack of Rome. In 1536 Paul III. recalled him to the capital, constituted him one of the council of reform, raised him to the cardinalate, and in 1542 sent him on an abortive mission to negotiate peace between Francis I. and Charles V. During the latter period of his episcopate the cardinal adopted his kinsman, Paolo Sadoleto, as coadjutor in his see; and when infirm and full of years he died, he was regretted not only by those who shared his faith, but by those also who controverted it. His literary remains embrace various topics—a Commentary on St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans, gave rise to some suspicions concerning his faith, from which, however, he completely cleared himself.—C. G. R.
SAEMUND SIGFUSSON, surnamed hin Frode, the Learned or the Wise, was a native of Iceland, and born in the eleventh century. He studied, we are informed, both in France and Germany, and is supposed to have even visited Rome. On his return home he settled at Oddé, in the northern part of the island, took holy orders, and was intrusted with the cure of souls. Much of his time, however, was devoted to the education of youth and literary pursuits. He died in 1133. It was Saemund who is generally understood to have gathered together in one compilation the poetical remains of Scandinavian paganism, forming what is called the elder Edda, and the first part of which was published for the first time in 1787. But Bishop Brynjolf Sveinsson of Skalholt, who originally gave the MS. compilation this title, and attributed it to Saemund, had hardly any reason for supposing the latter to have been the collector of the poems, except the great renown of that learned priest, who was one of the oldest scholars of Iceland.—J. J.
SAENREDAM, Jan, an eminent Dutch engraver, was born at Leyden about 1565 or 1570, and was a scholar of Heinrich Goltzius, several of whose works he copied. He drew well and designed with facility, and many of his prints are from his own designs—among others, "The wise and foolish Virgins," which is very much esteemed; and other scriptural, mythological, and allegorical subjects. Jan Saenredam engraved "Christ at the Feast with Levi," after Paolo Veronese, and several prints after Caravaggio and other Italian masters; but most of his prints are from the painters of Germany and the Netherlands. His plates are executed entirely with the graver, in a neat yet free and spirited manner. He died in 1607. Bartsch gives a list of above one hundred and twenty prints by him.—J. T—e.
SAENREDAM, Pieter, Dutch painter, son of the preceding, was born at Assendelft about 1597. He was a scholar of Pieter de Grebber, but painted architectural interiors. In these he excelled his predecessors in spirit and picturesqueness of manner. He drew with great freedom and accuracy, and his colour is clear and true. His most noted work is the "Town Hall, Amsterdam," painted in 1641, ten years before the building itself was destroyed by fire; it is in the present town hall. Views of the interior of the great Gothic church at Haarlem, and other buildings by him, are in the Amsterdam museum. His works are very rarely met with out of Holland. He died in 1666.—J. T—e.
SAFARIK or SCHAFARIK, Paul Joseph, a Sclavonic writer on philology and antiquities, was born at Kobeljarovo in northern Hungary, on the 30th of May, 1795. Educated at the university of Jena he lived for a time at Presburg as a private teacher, and in 1819 was appointed professor at the college of Neusatz in Hungary. In 1833 he resigned this post and settled at Prague as editor of the Journal of the Bohemian Museum, which remained under his management until 1842. After occupying various positions in Prague university, he became the librarian in 1848. His sympathies for a Sclavonic nationality were strongly roused by the events of that year. When the Austrians had crushed the insurrections, a commission was appointed to fix the terminology of the Sclavonic language, with a view to the publication of the laws of the empire in the various dialects. Of this commission Safarik was named president.—(For a list of his works see Heinsius, Bücher Lexicon.)—R. H.
SAGE, Alain Rene le. See Le Sage.
SAGE, John, a learned clergyman of the Scottish episcopal church, and controversial writer, was born in 1652. He was educated at St. Andrews; and after acting for some time as a parochial teacher and a private tutor, he was ordained in 1686 to the charge of a church in Glasgow, from which he was expelled at the Revolution. He afterwards lived as domestic chaplain, first with the countess of Callender, and then with Sir John Stewart of Grandtully. In 1705 he was consecrated a bishop by three of the ejected prelates of the episcopal church, and died in 1711. Bishop Sage was the author of "An Account of the late establishment of Presbyterian Government by the Parliament of Scotland in 1690;" "The Fundamental Charter of Presbytery;" "The Principles of the Cyprianic Age with respect to Episcopal Power and Government;" "The Reasonableness of a Toleration of those of the Episcopal Persuasion;" and of several "Letters concerning the Persecution of the Episcopal Clergy in Scotland;" of a "Life of Gawain Douglas," prefixed to Ruddiman's edition of Douglas' translation of the Æneid; and an introduction to Drummond's History of Scotland. He was unquestionably a man of great worth, ability, and learning.—J. T.
SAID, Ibn Batric, a physician and historian, known also as Eutychius, was born in 875 at Fostat in Egypt. His principal work is a "History of the World from the creation to his own time." It was written in Arabic, and published at Oxford, with a Latin translation, in 1656. He died in 940.—D. W. R.
SAID PACHA, Viceroy of Egypt, fourth son of Mehemet Ali, was born in 1822. His education was superintended by French tutors, and with a view to the command of the Egyptian navy of which he was high admiral, when he succeeded to the vice-royalty in July, 1854, on the death of his nephew. Abbas Pacha. In matters of internal policy, Said Pacha followed the example of Mehemet Ali. In 1862 he visited England, and inspected with intelligent curiosity the industrial wonders of this country. He died in 1863.—F. E.
SAINT-ALDEGONDE. See Marnix.
SAINT-ARNAUD. See Arnaud.
SAINT-CLOST, Perros de, or Pierre de Saint-Cloud, flourished in the beginning of the thirteenth century, and was the author of the well known satirical and allegorical poem, the "Roman du Renard." It consists of about two thousand verses.
SAINT CYR. See Gouvion Saint Cyr.
SAINT CYRAN. See Duvergier de Hauranne.
