time, after the death of Jovian, the imperial crown was unanimously offered to the venerable and virtuous prefect, but was again refused, both for himself and for his sons. The time of his death is unknown. Sallustius is supposed to have been the author of a treatise "On the Gods and the World," which is still extant. The best edition of this treatise is by Orellius, Zurich, 1821. It has been translated into French by Formey, 8vo, and into German by Schulthess, 8vo, Zurich, 1779.—J. T.
SALLUSTIUS, the last of the Cynic philosophers who lived in the latter part of the fifth century after Christ. He was a native of Emesa in Syria, and studied successively at Emesa, Alexandria, and Athens. He argued with great eloquence against the Sophists, and made unsparing attacks upon the theology of the Neoplatonists, who in consequence became his virulent enemies, and accused him of holding impious opinions regarding the gods.—J. T.
SALMASIUS, Claudius (Claude de Saumaise), was born at Sémur in Auxois, 1588. After being instructed by his father at home, he went to Paris at the age of sixteen, to prosecute his studies, and adopted there the reformed faith. From Paris he went to Heidelberg, and devoted himself to the study of philosophy and jurisprudence. During the three years he spent at this place, his excessive application to the study of books and MSS. brought on a serious attack of illness. After returning to Paris, he married (1623). Declining invitations to settle at different places, he went to Leyden as professor in 1632. He returned to France in 1640, to settle the affairs of his father who had died; and notwithstanding the pressing invitations of Richelieu and Mazarin, remained in Leyden till 1650, when he went to pay a visit to Christina, queen of Sweden. As the climate did not agree with him, he returned to Holland. His death took place in 1653. The works of Salmasius are numerous, and show very great erudition. Stores of learning are amassed in them. The materials, however, are ill-digested and unsifted. The writer shows a strong inclination for polemics, and his tone is arrogant. The greatest of his works is unquestionably the "Plinianæ Exercitationes in Caii Julii Solini Polyhistora," Paris, 1629, 2 vols. folio, containing a discussion of very many subjects. The publication of this work established his fame. Charles II., when in Holland after the death of his father, got him to write a defence of Charles I. and monarchy, "Defensio Regia pro Carolo I.," 1649. To this Milton replied in his Defensio pro populo Anglicano; and Salmasius was preparing a rejoinder when he died. Of editions of ancient authors which he published may be mentioned—Scriptores Historiæ Augustæ, folio, 1620; Florus, 1609; Tertullian's De Pallio, 1622; Achilles Tatius, 1640; Simplicius' Commentary on Epictetus, 1640. Of his antiquarian and linguistic works we may mention—"De Usuris," 1638; "De Modo Usurarum," 1639; "De Fœnere Trapezitico," 1640; "De Mutuo," 1640; "De Lingua Hellenistica," 1643; "Funus Linguæ Hellenisticæ," 1643; "De re militari Romanorum," 1657. His "Epistolæ" were published in 1656.—S. D.
SALMERON, Alphonso, a Spaniard, and intimate companion of Ignatius Loyola in founding the Jesuit Society, was born in 1516 at Toledo, and died at Naples in 1585. He was one of the seven or eight who, with its author, are reckoned the fathers of the order. It may be inferred from the terms in which he is first spoken of that, at the time when he placed himself under the spiritual direction of Loyola at Paris, he had barely attained the age of manhood—Lainez and Salmeron, "primæ juventutis uterque." Usually when his name occurs in the history of the order, it is conjoined with that of Lainez; and we find these two fathers associated in some of the most important missions, or difficult foreign negotiations undertaken by the general to secure the interests of the society—as, for instance, it was Lainez and Salmeron who represented the order and who maintained the lofty pretensions of the papacy in the council of Trent. Alphonso Salmeron occupies a prominent place in the voluminous history of the society by N. Orlandinus. The title-page of this work (Antwerp, 1620) is decorated with marginal portraits of the founders—Loyola, P. Faber, F. Xavier, J. Lainez, C. le Jay, S. Rodericus, P. Brœtus, J. Codurius, N. Bobadilla, and A. Salmeron. These heads have so much of truthfulness in their style as may be held to vouch for their authenticity. Among the ten the head of Alphonso is undoubtedly that of the shrewd negotiator—the man who, best of the set, might be intrusted with interests such as were those of the jesuit order at foreign courts and in synods. Two or three of these sainted physiognomies are proper to the unearthly devotee—Loyola and Xavier, for instance; another two or three would be thought capable men of business—good administrators of complicated affairs. One of them, and there is not another like him, is the astute, the reticent, the far-seeing guide in the jungle of secular and ecclesiastical craft—and this is Salmeron. Apart from the history of Jesuitism, this name does not claim a large place in the history of the times; but the reader who wishes to pursue that history in its details, will find it nowhere better brought under his view than in the copious work of Orlandinus, already referred to.—I. T.
SALMON, Nathaniel, an English writer of topographical and antiquarian works, was born at his father's parsonage at Mep'sall, Bedfordshire. He was educated at Bene't college, Cambridge, entered holy orders, and became curate of Westmill, Hertfordshire. On the accession of Queen Anne, however, he became a non-juror; and no longer able to maintain himself in the church, he applied himself to the practice of medicine, first at St. Ives in Huntingdonshire, and afterwards at Bishop's Stortford, Herts, where he died in 1742. A list of his works will be found in Nichols' Anecd. ii. 132.—R. H.
SALMON, Thomas, called, to distinguish him from his elder brother Nathaniel, the "Geographer," and sometimes the "Historiographer," though he cannot claim these magnificent titles by his literary merits, was the eldest son of the Rev. Thomas Salmon, rector of Mep'sall, who also earned a certain degree of celebrity in his day by some treatises on music. Thomas began life by going to sea; and returning after some years, opened a house of public entertainment in Cambridge. Failing in this enterprise he had recourse to the profession of authorship. He wrote much for the booksellers—geography, history, &c. He died suddenly in London, April, 1743.—R. H.
SALMON, William, an empiric who flourished in London in the seventeenth century, and published between 1670 and his death (about 1700) no less than twenty-two books on medicine, including "Sephorum, or the druggist's shop opened," 1693, his principal work. He also published "Polygraphice; or the arts of drawing or painting," 1675, of which Watts quotes a tenth edition in 1710. He is further credited with a treatise on astrology, one upon hieroglyphics, and an architectural book entitled "Palladio Londinensis."—(See Watts' Bibliotheca.)—R. H.
SALT, Henry, British consul-general in Egypt, and a traveller in Abyssinia, of which country he published an admirable account in 1814, was born and educated at Lichfield. Having acquired considerable skill in drawing. Lord Valentia in 1802 engaged him to travel in his company as secretary and draughtsman. They reached India together in June, 1803, and performed several interesting explorations both in that country and in the Red Sea, of which an account will be found in Lord Valentia's travels. In June, 1803, Salt set out from Massouah on a mission to the Abyssinian chiefs, thus opening a communication which had been closed to Europeans for more than two centuries. Rejoining Lord Valentia, he travelled through Egypt, and returned to England in October, 1806. The maps and plates in the handsome edition of Lord Valentia's travels published in 1809, were all executed by Salt. In January, 1809, Salt started on a diplomatic mission from the British government to the Abyssinian chiefs, with a letter from the king and presents for the emperor of Abyssinia. After two years of vain attempts at negotiation he returned to England, and prepared an account of his travels for publication. In 1815 he went to Cairo as consul, and applied himself there to the study of hieroglyphics, on which subject he published an essay in 1825. He died 3rd October, 1827, on the road between Cairo and Alexandria. His remains were borne to Alexandria, where he was buried.—R. H.
SALTER, Samuel, a learned divine and excellent Greek scholar, was the son of Dr. Samuel Salter, prebendary of Norwich. He was educated at the free school of that city, at that of the Charter-house, and at Bene't college, Cambridge, where he obtained a fellowship. Having been tutor to the sons of Sir Philip York, afterwards earl of Hardwicke, he obtained from him a prebend in the church of Gloucester, which he exchanged for one in that of Norwich, and the rectory of Burton-Coggles. He became minister of Great Yarmouth in 1750, preacher at the Charter-house in 1754, rector of St. Bartholomew, near the Royal Exchange, in 1756, and master of the Charter-house in 1761. He was one of the writers of the "Athenian Letters;" published several sermons and tracts; edited various works; and
