printed one hundred and six lines of the Iliad with the Digamma. He died in 1778.—D. W. R.
SALTMARSH, John, an antinomian divine who was chaplain in the army under Fairfax. He was settled at Ilford in Essex, where he died in 1646. Replies to his works were published by Thomas Gataker.—D. W. R.
SALTOUN, Alexander George Fraser, sixteenth lord, one of the most celebrated of the Peninsular and Waterloo heroes, was born in 1785. He was the head of the Philorth branch of the ancient and distinguished family of Fraser, which on the death of the last Lord Abernethy of Saltoun, inherited that title as heirs of line. Lord Saltoun succeeded to the peerage when only eight years of age, on the death of his father in 1793. He entered the army in 1802, and attained the rank of lieutenant-colonel in 1813. He served in Sicily in 1806 and 1807; in Spain, under Sir John Moore, in 1808 and 1809, and took part in the battle of Corunna. He accompanied the disastrous Walcheren expedition, and fought with conspicuous bravery under Wellington in fierce battles on the Spanish and French frontiers, in 1813. He also served throughout the campaign of 1815, and took a distinguished part in the battles of Quartre Bras and Waterloo. He commanded the Guards in the defence of Hougoumont, where he highly distinguished himself by his gallantry, and had no fewer than four horses killed under him. This important post was held all day against overwhelming numbers of assailants, by Colonel M'Donnell within the chateau, and Lord Saltoun without. When towards the close of the day his lordship returned to his place in the line, he brought back only one third of the men whom he had led into action. He took a prominent part in the last celebrated charge of the Guards, which concluded the battle, and swept the French from the field. Lord Saltoun was promoted to the rank of major-general in 1837, was appointed to the colonelcy of the 2nd foot in 1846, and commanded a brigade in the Chinese opium war. He ultimately attained the rank of lieutenant-general, was made a knight commander of the bath, a knight of the thistle, a knight of the Austrian order of Maria Theresa, and of the Russian order of St. George; and was for forty-six years a representative peer of Scotland. The duke of Wellington publicly declared that Lord Saltoun was "a pattern to the army, both as a man and a soldier." His lordship died in 1853, aged sixty-eight.—J. T.
SALVANDY, Narcisse Achille, Count, a French writer and politician, was born at Condom Gers on the 11th of June, 1795. His father is said to have been an Irishman, who, coming to Paris during the Revolution, lost his fortune, and endeavoured to retrieve it by setting up an eating-house in the Rue Cassette. The boy was sent, by the favour of M. de Fontanes, to the Napoleon Lyceum; but being condemned for a breach of discipline to some days' confinement, he made his escape from the college and enlisted. He was in the campaign of Germany in 1813-14, and was wounded at Brienne. After the Restoration he zealously supported the Bourbons in several pamphlets, and excited attention in 1816 by an attack on the allies and their occupation of Paris. In 1819 he was made master of requests at the council of state, but resigned the same year. A journey he made into Spain bore fruit in the shape of a novel, entitled "Don Alonzo, or Spain, a contemporary history," 1823, which exposed the author to much ridicule. In this book he warmly defends the Spanish liberals, while "Islaor, or the Bard," published in 1824, is an attack on the Villèle ministry. Associated with Chateaubriand in writing the Journal des Debats, his imitations of his leader gave rise to Madam Recamier's witty saying that "Salvandy was Chateaubriand's shadow by moonlight." Pamphlets against a censorship of the press and a history of Poland occupied M. Salvandy till 1828, when he became member of the council of state, but resigned on the nomination of Polignac to the ministry. It was at a ball given at this period by the duke of Orleans in honour of the king of Naples, that Salvandy uttered the famous phrase—"This is a truly Neapolitan fête, we are dancing on a volcano." In the reign of Louis Philippe he became an active member of the chamber, wrote various pamphlets of a conservative tendency, was twice minister of public instruction, ambassador to Spain, where he affronted Espartero, and ambassador to Turin. His innovations in the system of government of the university brought him into collision with men like Victor Cousin and Saint-Marc Girardin, while his patronage of men of letters favourably extended his reputation. His devotion to the constitutional king was often pompously expressed, but it was genuine enough to keep him faithful to his principles during and after the revolution of 1848. He was an earnest promoter of the fusion of the two branches of the Bourbon family. His death, which took place on the 15th December, 1856, was lamented by men of all parties, though his achievements, whether in literature or politics, have not been such as to secure him any permanent renown. His harmless vanity, combined with integrity of character, induced M. Thiers to apply to him the epithet, "un paon honnête homme."—R. H.
SALVATOR ROSA. See Rosa.
SALVI. See Sassoferrato.
SALVIANUS, one of the fathers of the church, an elegant writer who flourished in the fifth century. Neither the place nor the date of his birth is known. For some years he lived at Triers, where he married, but afterwards was settled at Marseilles. He was accustomed to write homilies for bishops who were not skilful in composition. Of his numerous works there now remain only eight books upon Providence, four books against Avarice, and nine epistles.—D. W. R.
SALVIATI, Francesco Rosso, better known as Salviati, from the cardinal of that name, his patron, was born at Florence in 1510, and studied under Andrea del Sarto. He worked for the court of Henry II. of France, and finally settled in Rome, where he died on 11th November, 1563. Salviati completed the Chigi chapel in Santa Maria del Popolo at Rome, left unfinished by Sebastiano del Piombo. In style he belonged to the anatomical imitators of Michelangelo.—(Vasari, Vite, &c.)—R. N. W.
SALVINI, Anton Maria, author, and specially translator, born in Florence, 1654; died in the same city, 1729. He belonged to the Accademia della Crusca, and helped in the formation of its dictionary; and has left, besides some original matter, a vast number of Italian metrical versions of Greek and Latin classics, portions of holy scripture, and works by Boileau and Addison.
SAMADON, Noel Etienne, a learned Jesuit and Latin scholar, was born at Rouen on 16th February, 1676. Invited at an early age into the order, he became a professor of poetic literature, and taught rhetoric at Caen, and subsequently at Paris. On the death of Père Ducereau, he was appointed tutor to the prince of Conti, and through the latter's influence was made, in 1728, librarian to the college of Louis le Grand, which post he held to the day of his death, on 22nd October, 1733. Samadon was possessed of considerable erudition, and was on terms of intimacy with Huet and other writers of the time. In 1727 he published at Paris, in 2 vols., 4to; a prose translation of Horace, entitled "Les Poésies d'Horace, disposées suivant l'ordre chronologique, et traduites en Français avec des Remarques et des Dissertations Critiques." The most ingenious feature of the work is the translation of the Carmen Seculare, which, from a number of detached odes, he has formed into one connected piece of lyric composition. He also wrote a Latin heroic poem, entitled "Nicanor Moriens;" several translations from Theocritus, Anacreon, and other poets; a translation of the Pervigilium Veneris; and a lyric poem, "Carmina quatuor," published at Paris, in 12mo, 1715.—W. J. P.
SAMBUCUS, John, counsellor and historiographer to the Emperors Maximilian II. and Rudolph II., was born at Tirnau in Hungary in 1531. He applied himself to the study of medicine and polite literature at various universities in Germany, Italy, and France. He died of apoplexy at Vienna, 13th June, 1584. He wrote a "History of Hungary," and other works, which are much esteemed.—D. W. R.
SAMERIUS, Henry, an eminent Jesuit, was born at Manche, in the duchy of Luxemburg, in 1540. At the age of twenty-one he attached himself to the Society of the Jesuits, and became a member of their college at Cologne. His talents and engaging manners, together with a facility for the assumption of character, soon brought him into notice. When Mary Queen of Scots, at that time a prisoner in England, made known to her adherents abroad that she desired a confessor of the order to be near her, Samerius was selected for the duty. He entered England, and in the disguise of a physician was introduced to the queen. Suspecting that his mission was known to the English government, he fled to the continent, and was subsequently employed as a missionary in the United Provinces. He was made prisoner by the English auxiliaries on the taking of Steewyck in Overyssel in 1592, and by them was thrown into prison, but was soon after restored to liberty through the intervention of Count Maurice. He died at Luxemburg in 1610, in the seventieth
