the Church of England in the seventeenth century. He was born at Fresingfield in Suffolk in 1616; and distinguishing himself greatly at school, he was early destined for the church. After studying at the grammar-school of St. Edmundsbury he went to Cambridge, and was admitted into Emanuel college there in 1633. He obtained a fellowship in 1642, but was ejected from it in 1649 for refusing to take the solemn league and covenant. His attachment to the Church of England, for which he then suffered, was to constitute the most remarkable feature of his character and the chief turning-point of his fortunes. He had been a very close and devoted student at the university; and during the period of his ejection from it he showed the fruit of his studies in a work entitled "Modern Policies and Practices," containing a discussion of general principles in politics and government, with reference to the Revolution and the prevalent doctrines of the time. He spent also a portion of this period abroad on visits to France and Italy. He returned to England shortly before the Restoration, was reinstated in his university, and appointed one of its preachers. He was presented at the same time to the rectory of Houghton-le-Spring, and made a prebendary of the church of Durham. He assisted in revising the liturgy in 1661, and generally took an active if not very prominent part in the re-establishment of the Church of England. From this time he rose rapidly in the church. He was made dean of York in 1664, and before the close of the year dean of St. Paul's, London. In this situation he honourably distinguished himself by his munificence, first towards the repair, and then towards the rebuilding of the cathedral. Four years later he became archdeacon of Canterbury, and was subsequently chosen prolocutor of the lower house of convocation. On the death of Sheldon he was unexpectedly appointed in 1667 archbishop of Canterbury. In this eminent position he continued firm to the high Anglican principles which he had all along professed. He was alike opposed to puritanism and popery. King James found no countenance from him in his endeavour to introduce the latter. When he issued his declaration of indulgence, under which disguise of liberality he sought to forward the designs of the papists, he encountered the resolute opposition of Sancroft, who refused to publish it, and along with six other bishops presented a remonstrance against it. For this act of boldness he and his brethren were committed to the Tower; but being brought up for trial in the court of king's bench, they were acquitted. On the withdrawal of the king, he joined with the lords spiritual and temporal assembled at Guildhall, December 11, 1688, in signing an address to the prince of Orange, demanding a free parliament, security of laws, liberty, and property, and recommending indulgence to protestant dissenters. Subsequently, however, on the succession of William and Mary to the throne, he refused to take the oath of allegiance. His Anglicanism came between him and an approval of the Revolution. He was removed in consequence from his high position, and Tillotson was appointed in his place. This happened in 1689, and he did not long survive his change of fortune. He retired to Fresingfield, the place of his birth, and lived there in great seclusion. His death took place in November, 1693. Sancroft was a conscientious, industrious, and learned prelate, without being remarkable for any particular elevation or breadth of mind. He was a man of strong opinions rather than of enlightened comprehension, either political or theological; he was capable of personal sacrifice rather than of intelligent and successful public action. The inscription on his tomb, written by himself, very fairly characterizes him:—"William Sancroft, born in this parish; afterwards by the providence of God, archbishop of Canterbury; at last deprived of all which he could not keep with a good conscience, returned hither to end his life, and professeth here at the foot of his tomb, that as naked forth, so naked he must return. The Lord gave and the Lord hath taken away." Besides the work of "Modern Politics," already mentioned, he published sermons, &c., and a Latin dialogue, with the quaint title "Fur Predestinatus," &c. A life of him has been published by the Rev. G. D'Oyley, 3 vols., 1818.—T.
SANCTIUS. See Sanchez.
SANCTORIUS. See Santorio.
SAND, George. See Dudevant.
SANDBY, Paul, R.A., was born at Nottingham in 1725. Through the interest of his brother he obtained an appointment in the military drawing office at the Tower of London in 1746, and in 1748 was placed on the staff appointed to make the survey of the Scottish Highlands. Whilst in Scotland he made numerous sketches of the scenery of that country; from which, in 1752, he published a series of etchings in folio. The success of these led him to publish a set of seventy etchings of the scenery of Windsor and Eton; and these were followed, after an interval, by forty-eight plates of Welsh scenery, engraved by himself in aquatint—Sandby being one of the earliest in England to avail himself of the new art. These prints and his tinted drawings brought him a considerable reputation as a landscape draughtsman; and he was one of the most successful teachers of drawing in his day. He was drawing-master to the children of George III., had many pupils among families of distinction, and some who afterwards became known as artists. In 1768 he was appointed drawing-master to the military academy at Woolwich, an office he retained till his death. Paul Sandby was one of the members of the old academy in St. Martin's Lane, and taking the opposite side to Hogarth in the attempt to convert that institution into an academy on the plan of that of France, he published several etchings in which Hogarth was somewhat coarsely caricatured. They had very little humour, and Sandby later had sufficient good sense to do his best to recal them. He was subsequently a member of the Society of Artists, and one of the directors who withdrew from that body and founded the Royal Academy in 1768. He contributed to the Academy exhibitions a large number of "tinted drawings," which were in their day very popular. They were drawn with a reed pen, and the proper tints were afterwards obtained by thin washes of transparent colour. They were carefully drawn, true to nature, and show some feeling for colour; but they are tame and feeble in effect. Paul Sandby has been called the founder of the English school of water-colour painting; but though he undoubtedly improved on the processes of his predecessors, he advanced the art but a very little way. He was not the first to make coloured drawings; whilst the art of water-colour painting, properly so called, is certainly due to a later generation of artists. Besides the etchings and aquatints mentioned above Sandby published several others from his own drawings, and several from those of other artists—including views in Italy and Asia Minor, after Clerisseau; the Roman Carnival, after D. Allan, &c. "The Virtuosi's Museum," a series of one hundred and fifty engravings by him of views in England and Wales, was published in 1778. He died November 9, 1809.—J. T—e.
SANDBY, Thomas, R.A., elder brother of Paul Sandby, was born at Nottingham in 1721. Having already acquired some notice by his skill in perspective, he was, in 1743, appointed military draughtsman to the staff in Scotland; and, being stationed in that capacity at Fort-William, he is said to have been the first to carry the news to the government of the landing of the Pretender in 1745. After accompanying the duke of Cumberland as draughtsman till the termination of his campaign in Flanders, Sandby was appointed by the duke deputy-ranger of Windsor Great Park. Whilst holding this office, which he did for fifty-two years, he effected many improvements in the park, and among other things formed the great lake known as Virginia Water. Thomas Sandby was an excellent architectural draughtsman, and designed some buildings. The best known is the Freemason's hall. Great Queen Street, London, built by him in 1775-76. Thomas Sandby was one of the original members of the Royal Academy, and professor of architecture from its foundation in 1768 till his death, June 25, 1798. A large number of his architectural drawings are in the British museum and the Soane museum.—J. T—e.
SANDEMAN, Robert, founder of the religious sect called Sandemanians, was born at Perth in 1723, and studied for two years at the university of Edinburgh. Having married a daughter of Mr. John Glass, founder of the sect called the Glassites, he was led to adopt all the peculiar views of his father-in-law, and became an elder of the Glassite congregation of Dundee, where he settled for the purposes of trade. Upon the publication of Mr. Hervey's Theron and Aspasia, Mr. Sandeman published a series of letters in which he endeavoured to confute Mr. Hervey's notion of faith as inconsistent with the scripture account of it, and to make out "that the word faith is constantly used by the apostles to signify what is denoted by it in common discourse, viz., a persuasion of the truth of any proposition; and that there is no difference between believing any common testimony and believing the apostolic testimony, except that which results from the nature of the testimony itself." This led to a controversy
