of bachelor of law in 1547. He became principal of Pembroke college, but was ejected by Queen Mary on account of his religious opinions. In the reign of Queen Elizabeth he enjoyed the favour of the crown, and was employed at various times on eighteen embassies to the courts of Scotland, France, and Russia. While in Scotland in 1571 he laid aside his ambassadorial character for a moment in order to challenge M. Virac, the French envoy there, who had imputed dishonourable conduct to Queen Elizabeth. Randolph was dubbed a knight, presented with certain estates, and made chamberlain of the exchequer. He died in London in 1590. A catalogue of many of his letters, which are of the highest historical importance, will be found in the calendar of state papers relating to Scotland, by Mr. Thorpe, 1858. See also Melville's Memoirs, and an account of his embassy to Russia, in Hakluyt.—R. H.
RANDOLPH, Thomas, English poet, was born at Badby in Northamptonshire. Scholar of Trinity, Cambridge, in 1623, he came to London and sought the society of the wits, amongst whom Ben Jonson was specially partial to him, and dubbed him "son." He promised well; but dissipation soon told upon him, and his death was premature. It occurred in 1634-35 whilst on a visit to a friend at Blatherwick in his native county. His "Poems, Translations, and Plays" appeared in London, 4to, 1634; and his "Poems, with the Muses' Looking Glass, and Amyntas," at Oxford, 4to, 1638. His works, in style graceful, fluent, and marked by a classic ease, are nevertheless disfigured by the licentiousness and by the wearisome concetti of the time at which he wrote.—W. J. P.
RANDOLPH, Thomas, an eminent English divine, was born at Canterbury in 1701, and educated at the King's school. He studied at Oxford, became fellow of Corpus Christi college in 1723, and president in 1748. He ultimately became Lady Margaret professor of divinity, and archdeacon of Oxford. Various other preferments had previously been conferred upon him, through the patronage of Archbishop Potter. He died in 1783. His works are the "Christian Faith," published in 1744, in reply to the infidel treatise, Christianity not founded on Argument. In 1753 he published the "Doctrine of the Trinity," in answer to the famous Essay on Spirit. His last work was on the "Citations from the Old Testament contained in the New." After his death was published a "View of our Blessed Saviour's Ministry," with other pieces.—J. E.
* RANKE, Leopold, the celebrated German historian, was born 21st December, 1795, at Wiebe, on the Unstrutt in Thuringia, and was for some time head master in the gymnasium of Frankfort-on-the-Oder. Devoting all his leisure time to historical studies, he published in 1824 his "Geschichte der Romanischen und Germanischen Völkerschaften" (History of the Romanic and German Nationalities), and a smaller work, "Zur kritik Neuerer Geschichtschreiber" (Critique on Modern Historians), which attracted so much attention that, in 1825, he was appointed extraordinary professor of history in the university of Berlin. Soon after he travelled at the expense of the Prussian government to Vienna, Venice, and Rome, for the purpose of examining the collections of papers preserved in those cities, with a view to the illustration of the history of Europe; and the first-fruits of these researches he gave to the world in 1827, in his "Fürsten und Völker der Sud-Europa im 16 und 17 Jahrhundert" (Princes and Nations of South Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries), which was followed in 1831 by his "Verschwörung gegen Venedig im Jahre 1688" (Conspiracies against Venice in 1688), both of them works throwing much new light upon history, especially on the relations of the Spanish and Turkish governments to the affairs of Italy. Of still greater importance was his work, "Die Römischen Päpsteihre Kirche und Staat im 16 und 17 Jahrhundert" (The Popes of Rome, their Church and State), 3 vols., 1834-36, which has been several times translated into English, and is the work by which the author is most favourably known in this country. Lord Macaulay founded upon the information contained in it one of the most brilliant of his historical essays. But the work for which Ranke is most valued by his countrymen, is his "Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter der Reformation," published in 1839-43, which has been translated into English by Mrs. Austin, under the title of "History of Germany during the Reformation." It is founded upon an extensive and careful examination of original documents contained in the archives of Berlin, Dresden, Weimar, and Anhalt-Dessau, and is particularly valuable for its original elucidation of the political relations of the German reformation. Many other works of less general interest have flowed from his industrious pen, including "Annals of the German Monarchy under the House of Saxony;" nine books of Prussian history, translated into English under the title of "Memoirs of the House of Brandenburg during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth centuries;" a "History of Servia and the Servian Revolution;" "Civil Wars and Monarchy in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth centuries;" "Ferdinand I. and Maximilian II. of Austria," &c. In 1834 he became ordinary professor of history in Berlin, and in 1841 was appointed historiographer of Prussia. His political and social opinions are in advance of the general public mind of Germany, which obliged him to discontinue a historico-political journal, which he carried on from 1832 to 1836, for the purpose of stimulating and guiding political progress. His characteristics as a writer cannot be better given than in the words of Macaulay in the essay before referred to, where he describes Ranke's great work on the popes, as "the work of a mind fitted both for minute researches and for large speculations," and as "written in an admirable spirit, equally remote from levity and bigotry, serious and earnest, yet tolerant and impartial."—P. L.
RANNEQUIN. See Renkin.
RANZANI, Camillo, Abbate, an Italian naturalist, was born of poor parents at Bologna, 22nd June, 1775. He was educated at the charity school of the brethren of Scuole Pie of his native town. He soon attracted the notice of father Respighi, the early patron of the linguist Mezzofanti. By Respighi's help he entered the university where he had a brilliant career, and at the age of twenty-two was appointed professor of philosophy at Fano. There he was admitted to holy orders, and continued to discharge the duties of the chair, until he was forced by the political events of 1798 to return to Bologna, where he obtained the appointment of keeper of the botanical gardens. In 1803 he became professor of natural history in the university. By Cuvier's intervention, Ranzani visited Paris in 1810; and after spending a year in the museums there, he returned to Bologna with a large collection of books and specimens. In 1819 he published the first volume of his great work, "Elementi di Zoologia." For ten successive years a volume appeared yearly, After that time the failing health of the author, and the duties of the office of rector of the university, conferred on him by the pope, interfered, and the work was never completed. Ranzani was the first who introduced the discoveries of modern geology to the attention of the Italians. In 1836 he commenced a course of lectures on the subject, and at the time of his death, which took place in 1841, he was preparing a geological work.—F. C. W.
RAOUL-ROCHETTE, Desiré, archæologist, was born at St. Arnaud (Cher), on 9th March, 1789, and was educated at Bourges. About the age of twenty-two he became professor of history at the Lyceum, Paris, and in 1815 succeeded Guizot as lecturer on modern history at the university of Paris. His "Histoire Critique de l'Établissement des Colonies Grecques" was published in 1815; and in the following year he was elected to the Academy, and became one of the editors of the Journal des Savants. Turning his attention to the modern history of Switzerland, and travelling in that country, he published several works upon the subject, his "Histoire de la Revolution Helvétique de 1797 à 1803," appearing in 1823. Not neglecting the study of antiquities, however, he travelled in Greece, Italy, Germany, &c., and in 1822 published his "Antiquités Grecques du Bosphore Cimmérien." Appointed professor of archæology in 1826, he delivered lectures which greatly enhanced his reputation, and thenceforward continued to gain fresh laurels in the career he had chosen. In 1839 he was appointed perpetual secretary to the Académie des Beaux Arts, a position previously occupied by Quatremère de Quincy; and after publishing in 1840 "Memoires de Numismatique et d'Antiquité," and "Lettres Archéologiques sur la Peinture des Grecs;" in 1846 "Choix de Peintures de Pompei;" and in 1848 "Mémoires d'Archéologie comparée Asiatique, Grecque, et Etrusque"—he died on the 6th July, 1854.—W. J. P.
RAPHAEL, or RAFFAELLO SANTI, or SANZIO, the great painter called by his countrymen il Divino, was born at Urbino, the 6th April, 1483. He was the only son of Giovanni Santi, an excellent painter of the Umbrian school, who brought up his son to his own profession; but, as he died in 1494, the boy was placed by his uncles, Simone Ciarla and Bartolomeo Santi, with
