and humiliation. As the nominee of Russia, he soon found that he had lost all independence as a sovereign. He tried to govern Poland wisely and liberally, but was thwarted by the opposing factions. His attempts to maintain religious toleration for dissenters excited the bitter hostility of some bigoted Roman catholics—forty of whom bound themselves together in 1771 to seize or slay the king. On Sunday night, the 3rd of September in that year, his carriage was stopped in Warsaw; he was dragged out, wounded, and hurried out of the town. The conspirators lost themselves in a forest, and all except the leader, named Kosinski, ran away. This leader yielded to his prisoner s remonstrances, and led him to a place of safety. In 1773 Stanislaus witnessed the first partition of his country, of which, indeed, he was partly the instrument. Twenty years later occurred the second partition, and this shadow of a king was sent to reside at Grodno, on a pension received from the spoilers of Poland. In 1796 he was invited to St. Petersburg by the Emperor Paul, who, under a show of ceremonious civility, made him feel that he was a Russian subject. Embarrassed by debts and vexed by the treatment he met with, his health gave way, and he died on the 12th February, 1798, and was buried in the Catholic church at St. Petersburg.—(Mem. Secrets de Stanislaus Auguste, Leipsic, 1862; Memoirs of Catherine II., London, 1850; History of Poland.)—R. H.
STANISLAUS, Lesckzinski, King of Poland, was born on the 20th of October, 1682, the son of Raphael Lesckzinski, palatinate of Posnania, and grand treasurer of Poland. The family name was derived from Lesckno, a town founded by an ancestor. Stanislaus was most carefully educated by his father, and became accomplished in learning and in all the arts of life. At the age of nineteen he was sent as a representative of his province to the diet assembled to elect a successor to King John Sobieski. Augustus III., who was elected, conferred upon Stanislaus, on his father's death, the palatinate of Posnania. Discontent at the presence of Saxon troops soon manifested itself in Poland. Augustus formed an alliance with Peter I. of Russia, and drew upon himself the wrath of Charles XII. of Sweden. A party of malcontents at Warsaw deputed Stanislaus to visit Charles at Heilsberg, where the gifted young Pole produced a very favourable impression on the mind of the Swedish king. Relying on the promises of Charles, the diet at Warsaw declared the throne vacant in May, 1704, and on the 12th July following Stanislaus was elected king, Charles being at the time incognito with his ambassador at Warsaw. The election was not concluded till nine o'clock in the evening of a Saturday. The day, and the hour being after sunset, became grounds of opposition to the validity of the act, which might more fairly have been challenged as having been accomplished under the terror of the Swedish arms. A fierce war continued to rage between Charles and Stanislaus on the one hand, and Peter of Russia and Augustus on the other. The triumphs of the Swede had apparently fixed Stanislaus firmly on the throne of Poland, when his mad attempt to seize Moscow and dethrone Peter brought about "dread Poltava's day," and the overthrow of Swedish authority in Poland. Stanislaus, after retiring to Stettin with the Swedish troops, became anxious for an accommodation with Augustus, and went himself to Bender to obtain Charles' consent to some amicable arrangement of claims. This was refused, and Stanislaus gained nothing by his journey but a year's detention in honourable captivity by the Turks. In 1714 he left Bender for the principality of Deux-Ponts, where he remained till January, 1720, a year after the death of Charles, who had granted him the use of the residence and the revenues attached. Having narrowly escaped an attempted assassination, proscribed in Poland, and deprived of his hereditary estates, the unfortunate prince, on quitting Deux-Ponts, turned for refuge to France. After passing some years in philosophic ease at Weissemburg in Alsace, and having seen his daughter married to Louis XV., he was induced in 1733, on the death of Augustus II., to accept the invitation of the Poles to become their king again. For fear of the Russians he travelled in the disguise of a merchant, reached Warsaw on 8th September, 1733, and was elected on the 11th of the same month. The advance of a Russian army drove him into Dantzic for safety. There he was besieged by Marshal Münnich, and unable to endure the prolonged sufferings of the townspeople he advised their surrender, while he took flight in the disguise of a peasant. According to the terms of the treaty of Vienna he abdicated the throne of Poland, and was put into possession of the duchies of Lorraine and Bar. Here he lived like a philosopher on the throne, and acquired the humane title of the Beneficent. "Your majesty," wrote Frederick the Great to him, "gives in Lorraine an example to all kings in making the people happy; that is the sole business of sovereigns." The death of this amiable and accomplished prince resulted from an accident. His dressing gown caught fire; and being blind, his endeavours to extinguish the flame made him fall into the fire. He lingered for some weeks in great pain, and died at an advanced age on the 23rd of February, 1766. His various writings have been collected under the title of "Œuvres du Philosophe Bienfaisant," 4 vols., 1763.—R. H.
* STANLEY, Arthur Penrhyn, D.D., second son of Dr. Stanley, bishop of Norwich, was born at Alderley, where his father was then rector, in December, 1815. He was a pupil at Rugby from 1829 to 1834, during the head mastership of Dr. Arnold, whose affectionate biographer he afterwards became. From Rugby he proceeded to Balliol college, Oxford, where he gained the Ireland scholarship, was Newdigate prizeman, and took his B.A. degree, with a first class in classics, in 1837, in which year was published his prize poem "The Gipsies." He was Latin essayist in 1839, and English and theological essayist in 1840. In 1838 he became fellow, and in 1841 tutor of University college, Oxford. Taking holy orders, Dr. Stanley was appointed select preacher to the university for 1845-46, having in 1844 published the celebrated "Life and Correspondence of Thomas Arnold, D.D.," which has gone through so many editions. It was followed in 1846 by a volume of "Sermons and Essays." In 1851 he was appointed canon residentiary of Canterbury cathedral, and in 1854 chaplain to the late prince-consort. In 1851 he prefixed a memoir of his father to the edition of Bishop Stanley's Addresses and Charges, published in that year. In 1855 appeared his edition of the "Epistles to the Corinthians, with notes and dissertations," and in the same year his "Historical Memorials of Canterbury," originally delivered as lectures at Canterbury, a work of considerable historical value, embracing elaborate sketches of the landing of Augustine, the murder of Beckett, Edward the Black Prince, and Beckett's shrine. In 1856 he published, what is next to his life of Arnold, his best-known work, "Sinai and Palestine in connection with their History," embodying the results of a tour in the Holy Land made in the spring and winter of 1852-53—a work picturesque without the obtrusion of the writer's personality, and presenting the essence of very extensive reading. In 1856 Dr. Stanley was appointed regius professor of ecclesiastical history at Oxford. In 1860 he published "Lectures on the History of the Eastern Church;" and in 1862, "Lectures on the History of the Jewish Church—Abraham to Samuel." He has contributed to various periodicals, and is understood to be the author of the article on "Essays and Reviews," which appeared in the Edinburgh Review. Early in 1862, in accordance with the wish of the late prince-consort. Dr. Stanley was selected to accompany the prince of Wales on his Eastern tour.—F. E.
STANLEY, Edward, D.D., Bishop of Norwich, youngest son of Sir John T. Stanley, Bart, of Alderley Park, Cheshire, was born in London on the 1st of January, 1779. His mother was the heiress of Hugh Owen, Esq. of Penrhos, Anglesea. So great was his early love for the sea that he wept on being forbidden to go on board the first ship he ever saw; and, when a boy, would leave his bed for the shelf of a wardrobe, and sleep there happily fancying he was like a sailor. This love he retained to the end of his days. He was sent to many schools, and frequent change retarded his education. In 1798 he was entered at St. John's college, Cambridge, and so diligently laboured to make up for wasted time that in 1802 his name appeared among the wranglers in the mathematical tripos. Deeming that he owed his education to Cambridge alone, he gratefully defended that university from the attack made by Mr. Beverley in 1834. Immediately on the conclusion of his academical course he was ordained to the curacy of Windlesham in Surrey, and in 1805 was presented to the family living of Alderley. Here he laboured for thirty-one years, his life furnishing an exemplar of that which a parish priest's should always be. In a neighbourhood where "fox-hunting parsons" had long flourished, his advent was the beginning of a great reformation. Under his ministry schools were established and filled, frequent services were made attractive to the people, and drunkenness, then one
