his benediction and consecration. These being granted, he was crowned by the name of Stephan. He subdued a formidable party of his subjects, who rebelled in favour of the old idolatrous religion. He was constituted by the pope apostle of Hungary, and held in his hands the administration of spiritual affairs in all his dominions—a rare privilege then in Christendom, and one which was renewed at the council of Constance to the all-powerful Sigismund, emperor of Germany and king of Hungary. Stephan's wars with the prince of Transylvania and the duke of Bulgaria terminated in his triumph and the annexation of the conquered territory to Hungary. His decrees and laws for the organization and administration of the kingdom, justly entitle him to the gratitude of his people. He created a national council, consisting of the lords temporal and spiritual, and the middle-class of nobility. He divided the country into counties, and laid the foundation of municipal institutions. The close of his life was embittered by domestic afflictions, and a contest for Bavaria, which, by right of his wife Gisela, sister to the Emperor Henry II., he claimed for his son. The death of the son put an end to the war. Stephan died in 1038, at the age of sixty, and was canonized by Pope Benedict IX.—Stephan, the son of Coloman, was notorious for his cruelty, which procured him the name of the Thunderer. He succeeded his father in 1114. His reign is barren of interest, being passed in predatory wars with his neighbours, to whom he became a source of terror, until he met with a signal defeat at the hands of the Byzantine emperor, John Comnenus. In 1131 Stephan abdicated the crown, and retiring to a monastery died shortly afterwards at Waradin.—Stephan, the son of Geysa II., ascended the throne in 1161, and distinguished himself by his warlike qualities. Having formed a league with Manuel Comnenus against the Venetians, he entered Dalmatia at the head of an army, and made himself master of many important towns there. He was suddenly called home by the news of treason in his own family, and reached Hungary only to find it divided between his two uncles. He defeated the usurpers and kept his kingdom till his death, which took place in 1175.—Stephan, uncle of the preceding, has no other title to rank among the kings of Hungary than his usurpation of the supreme power for a period of six months, at the instigation of the Emperor Manuel. He was defeated by his nephew Stephan III., and died a fugitive at Semlin in 1163.—Stephan, generally styled the Fourth, no account being taken by loyal annalists of the last-named king, was the son of Bela IV., and ascended the throne in 1270. His country had been desolated not long before by the Tartars under Batoo Khan, yet he nevertheless took part with the Austrians, who under Rudolph of Hapsburg were waging war against Ottoacer, king of Bohemia. He died after a brief and troubled reign in 1272.—R. H.
STEPHEN, King of Poland. See Bathory.
STEPHEN, Sir James, essayist and historian, was the third son of the late James Stephen, well known for his exertions in the cause of antislavery and as a member of the party which received the name of "the evangelical succession." Sir James Stephen was born at Lambeth on the 3rd of January, 1789, and completed his education at Trinity hail, Cambridge, where he took the degree of LL.B. in 1812. Called to the bar at Lincoln's inn in 1813, he was soon afterwards appointed by Lord Bathurst legal adviser to the colonial office, and he practised at the equity bar for eleven years. He retired from the active practice of his profession in 1824, accepting the office of counsel to the board of trade while he retained his former position at the colonial office. In 1834 he was appointed assistant under-secretary, and in 1836 permanent under-secretary of state to the colonies, an office which he retained until 1847, when he was forced by illness to resign it. During his tenure of those secretarial offices, the chief labours of the colonial department devolved upon him, though the public saw nothing of his services; and he is understood to have been the principal agent in arranging the final abolition of slavery and the establishment of responsible government in Canada, &c. It was as a writer in the Edinburgh Review that Sir James Stephen first became known to the general public. To that periodical he contributed between 1838 and 1848 a series of essays, chiefly on subjects connected with religious biography, which, by the vigour of their style and the thinking power displayed in them, attracted great attention, and helped to supply the void left by the gradual withdrawal of Lord Macaulay from the pages of the Edinburgh. Among the most remarkable of them were the essays on Luther, Port Royal, Loyola, Baxter, the Clapham sect, and Isaac Taylor. Almost all of them were written by way of relaxation during moments of leisure snatched from the severe duties of the colonial office. They were published in a collective form in 1849 as "Essays in Ecclesiastical Biography," and have gone through several editions. On resigning office, Sir James (previously Mr.) Stephen was made a privy councillor and a K.C.B. In the summer of 1849, he was appointed professor of modern history at Cambridge, an office which he retained until his death; and he was professor of modern history and political economy at Haileybury from the beginning of 1855 to the closing of the college at the end of 1857. His well-known "Lectures on the History of France," a subject to which he intended to devote much of his attention, were delivered at Cambridge in 1850, and published in 1852. Sir James Stephen died at Coblentz on the 14th September, 1859. A memoir of him by his son, Mr. Fitzjames Stephen, is prefixed to the edition of the Essays published in 1860.—F. E.
STEPHENS or STEPHANUS: the name of an illustrious family of scholars and printers:—
Stephens, Henry, the founder of the family, was born at Paris in 1470. In that city he had a printing establishment, which he employed chiefly in the production of works on theological, philosophical, and mathematical subjects. One of the most remarkable of these was a Psalter, in five columns, published in 1509. Henry Stephens died at Lyons in 1520, and his widow married Simon de Colines, another celebrated printer, who carried on the business till his death in 1547.
Stephens, Francis, primus, was the eldest of the three sons of the preceding. He was a partner of Simon de Colines, but he does not seem to have printed many works.
Stephens, Robert, primus, the second son of Henry Stephens, was born at Paris in 1503. He received a learned education, and after his father's death conducted the printing business along with De Colines. In 1539 he was appointed printer to the king of France, on whose decease he retired to Geneva, where he died in 1559. He had given offence to the Sorbonne by printing a Latin Bible with notes that savoured of the reformed doctrines, to which Stephens was himself attached, and he consequently believed it unsafe to reside any longer in his native country. The types used by Robert Stephens were of exquisite beauty, and it is said that he was so exact in printing the works that issued from his press that he was in the habit of exposing the sheets in public for examination, offering rewards for the detection of any errors discoverable in them. His Hebrew Bible, 8 vols., in 16mo, 1544, and his Greek Testament, 2 vols., 16mo, 1546, are very scarce and valuable. The last is commonly called "Mirificam," from the first words of the preface. Stephens compiled a great work, "Thesaurus linguæ Latinæ," in 4 vols., folio, which has often been reprinted in other countries, and is a noble monument of the learning and industry of its author. The works published during the latter years of his life, and while he resided at Geneva, are chiefly of a theological and controversial nature, being treatises written by Calvin, Beza, and other eminent reformers. Robert Stephens has left behind him a great name in the history of literature, and his contemporaries generally agree in placing him above the greatest scholars of his age.
Stephens, Charles, the third son of Henry, was about a year younger than his brother Robert. He studied medicine, and took his doctor's degree in that faculty. Being afterwards engaged by Lazare Baif as tutor to his son, he accompanied the former in 1540 on his embassies to Germany and Italy. Returning to Paris, he continued the practice of the medical profession until the time of his brother Robert's departure for Geneva, when the whole of the family printing establishment passed into the hands of Charles. He was subsequently nominated royal printer. The typography of the works issued by Charles Stephens is admirable, and he appears to have published many books on various subjects, some of which were written by himself. He died in 1564.
Stephens, Henry, secundus, the most distinguished member of the entire family, was the son of Robert, and was born at Paris in 1528. As a boy he evinced extraordinary abilities, and cultivated with the greatest ardour the study of the classics, and especially of the Greek language and literature. He vigorously prosecuted the same business which had rendered the name he bore so illustrious, and undertook long journeys to different countries in order to examine, or if possible discover the treasures
