banker, who soon after married her. Established at Paris, her salon became the resort of the leading men of the day. The presence there of Lucien Bonaparte, Moreau, Bernadotte, La Harpe, Benjamin Constant, and David, together with other public men, excited the alarm of the imperial government, which looked upon her réunions as a political demonstration. She was accordingly compelled to leave Paris. After residing some time at Lyons, where she contracted an intimacy with Camille Jordan and Ballanche, she visited Italy, and remained there till the fall of Napoleon, when she once more established herself at Paris. Having experienced some pecuniary losses, she retired in 1819 to the Abbaye aux Bois in the Rue de Sevrès. Her friends, however, did not leave her alone in her retirement. Her residence once again became the centre of attraction to the witty and the wise. Chateaubriand was a constant visitor there during the latter years of her life, and was held by her in the highest esteem. Madame de Recamier died in 1849, leaving a somewhat voluminous correspondence relating to the events of her own times, which has since been published and may be read with interest.—W. J. P.
RECORDE, Robert, an eminent physician and mathematician, was born at Tenby, Pembrokeshire, about the year 1500. He entered Oxford in 1525, was elected fellow of All Souls in 1531, being then B.A. From Oxford he went to Cambridge, and there took his M.D., returning, however, to Oxford, and teaching publicly arithmetic and mathematics with much success. About 1547 he went to reside in London, where he acted as physician to Edward VI. and Queen Mary, and wrote the "Urinal of Physic," which passed through several editions. He was the author also of several works on mathematical subjects, among which were "The Pathway to Knowledge," "The Ground of Arts," "The Castle of Knowledge," "The Whetstone of Witte." Professor De Morgan says concerning him, that he is "a man who deserves a much larger portion of fame than he has met with, on several accounts." As a foundation for this encomium we should state, that Recorde brought together the researches of foreign writers on the subject of algebra, then in its infancy, and incorporated several improvements of his own. He was the first original writer on arithmetic in English, and one of the earliest among us who adopted the Copernican system. In algebra we recognize him as the inventor of the sign of equality, and of the method of multinomial algebraic quantities. When we remember that he was a lawyer and a physician, as well as the first mathematician of his day, we cannot understand how he should have died a debtor in Queen's Bench prison, as is commonly asserted. However, there are some circumstances which seem to suggest that some other cause than debt brought this extraordinary genius to so ignoble an end. He died in 1558.—D. T.
* REDGRAVE, Richard, R.A., was born at Pimlico, April 30, 1804. Till 1824 he assisted in his father's factory, making designs and directing the workmen, when, the business not succeeding, he was thrown on his own resources. He had always wished to become an artist: he now sought to qualify himself for the Royal Academy by drawing at the British Museum, chiefly from the Elgin marbles. In 1826 he was admitted a student in the Royal Academy. During these probationary studies he maintained himself by teaching drawing. He began to contribute to the Academy exhibitions as early as 1825; but the first work of his which attracted notice was "Gulliver on the Farmer's Table," exhibited at the British Institution in 1837. He continued to paint subjects selected chiefly from our older authors, as "Ophelia," "Sir Roger de Coverley at the Inn," and the "Vicar of Wakefield and his Daughter," by which he made steady way in public favour; but about 1840 he began to exhibit works of a more sentimental and popular kind, illustrative of some matter of social interest which had been brought forcibly into notice—as "The Poor Governess;" the "Sempstress," suggested by Hood's Song of the Shirt; "Fashion's Slaves," and the like. Mr. Redgrave now received professional recognition by his election, in 1840, as associate of the Royal Academy: he did not become full member till 1851. Of late years he has been chiefly engaged with the national art-schools and museums at South Kensington. In 1847 he was appointed head-master of the government schools of design; in 1852 art-superintendent; and in 1857 inspector-general for art of the department of science and art. He was the government fine art commissioner appointed to report on the French Exposition Universelle of 1855; and he, in conjunction with Mr. Creswick, has had the arrangement of the British pictures at the International Exhibition, 1862. On the death of Mr. Uwins in 1857, Mr. Redgrave was appointed surveyor of the paintings in the royal palaces, and to him is due in that capacity the improvements that have been made in the placing and classification of the pictures at Hampton Court. Amidst all these official duties Mr. Redgrave has of course found comparatively little time for painting. He has not, however, neglected his pencil. He has, among other things, contributed some religious pieces to the Academy exhibitions; but his most conspicuous efforts have been English landscapes, painted with minute regard to the details. Six of his pictures are in the Sheepshanks collection at South Kensington; and one, "The Country Cousins," in that presented to the nation by Mr. Vernon.—J. T—e.
REDI, Francesco, physician to the grand-dukes of Tuscany, Ferdinand II. and Cosmo III., naturalist and poet, born at Arezzo, 18th February, 1626; found dead in his bed in Pisa, having towards the close of his life suffered from epilepsy, the 1st March, 1697. He belonged to various academies, and, as a member of that named Delia Crusca, contributed valuable matter to the vocabulary. Many curious investigations and experiments in natural history and science are also due to him; and he did much to disprove the antique theory which attributes to putrescence the generation of certain forms of animal life. The scientific writings of Redi have been translated into Latin, and editions of his entire works have been published in Venice and Naples. He is, however, popularly known less as the learned man than as the author of a dithyrambic poem, "Bacco in Toscana," which praises wine to the exclusion and condemnation of tea, coffee, beer, water, and such like; but it has been suggested that some images in this admired piece prove Redi to have been conversant with the work of an elder dithyrambist, Bonavita Capezzali.—C. G. R.
REDING, Aloys, Baron de, a Swiss patriot and general, was born in 1755, in the canton of Schwytz. He served for some time in the Spanish army, and attained the rank of colonel. He quitted that service, however, in 1788, and retired to his native country, where he was chosen landamann. He remained in retirement until the invasion of Switzerland in 1798 by the French republicans. Schwytz and several other cantons offered a determined resistance to the invaders, and Reding was appointed commander of the troops levied by his native canton. But after a resolute stand in defence of their rights and liberties, the patriots were compelled to submit to the new constitution framed by the French directory. Reding was nominated first landamann of Switzerland in 1801, and took a prominent part in organizing and directing the various insurrections of his patriotic countrymen against their oppressors. After the treaty of Luneville, by which the independence of the Helvetic republic was guaranteed, and the evacuation of Switzerland by the French troops was stipulated, a fierce contest broke out between the old native factions. At length Napoleon interfered, and sent Ney with a large body of troops to suppress the patriotic party. Reding was arrested and sent a prisoner to the fortress of Arbourg, but regained his liberty after the lapse of some months. In 1803 he was again elected landamann of the canton Schwytz. Reding lived to see the downfall of his old enemy, Napoleon, and the restoration of the independence of his country. He died at Schwytz in 1818.—J. T.
REDMAN or REDMAYNE, John, a very learned divine, the first master of Trinity college, Cambridge, archdeacon of Taunton, and prebendary of Wells and of Westminster, was born in 1499. He was educated at Oxford, Paris, and Cambridge. It is a matter of controversy how far he sympathized with reformed opinions; but this much is certain, that he assisted in compiling the Book of Common Prayer, and that on his deathbed he declared it to be his belief that man is justified by faith in Jesus Christ, and not by works, and that purgatory, the sacrifice of the mass, and transubstantiation are unscriptural. He died in 1551, and was buried in Westminster abbey. Amongst his works is a treatise on justification.—D. W. R.
REDSCHID PASHA, the most enlightened and distinguished of modern Turkish statesmen, was born at Constantinople on the 16th day of the month Schenal, in the Turkish year 1214, corresponding to the end of the year 1799. Mustapha Redschid was the son of Mustapha Effendi, a man of plebeian birth, but held in the highest esteem by his fellow-citizens. Redschid's
