the editor of Wilson's works (from whom most of the preceding information was derived), is inclined to consider Weber's conjecture as substantially correct. Susruta's work appears to have been highly valued among the Hindus; one commentary on the test, made by Ubhatta, a Cashmirian, is probably as old as the twelfth or thirteenth century, and this is believed to have been preceded by others. It is interesting as showing the state of medical, surgical, and anatomical science among the Hindus, and also the articles used in their materia medica; but the value of the work will be much increased whenever any competent person shall undertake to illustrate and explain it by a detailed comparison with the writings of the Greek and Arabic medical authors. The original Sanskrit text was published in 2 vols., 8vo, at Calcutta in 1835-36, and there is a Latin translation by F. Hessler, in 3 vols., 8vo, Erlangæ, 1844-50, with a commentary, of which it is believed that only two fasciculi have yet appeared, 1852 and 1855.—(For further information respecting the contents of Susruta's work, and the state of Hindu medical science generally, see Royle On the Antiquity of Hindu Medicine, which contains extracts from H. H. Wilson's essay in the Calcutta Oriental Magazine. See also Wyse's Commentary on the Hindu System of Medicine.)—W. A. G.
SUSSEX, Augustus Frederick, Duke of. See Augustus Frederick.
SÜSSMAYER, Franz Xavier, a musician, was born at Steyer in Upper Austria in 1766; he died in Vienna, September 17, 1803. He sang as a boy in the Benedictine abbey at Kremsmünster, and learned the principles of composition from Pasterwitz. Very early he wrote songs, motets, symphonies, and operettas, which were performed; but, impatient of the limited opportunity for the exercise and improvement of his talent afforded by a small provincial town, he went to Vienna, and obtained the instructions of Mozart. He lived in the most intimate association with this greatest of musicians, received daily advice from him, and had sometimes the task assigned him of filling up his master's scores, according to his direction, and subject to his revision. Thus he acquired the knowledge of Mozart's process of developing his ideas; and he not only laboured to imitate this, but revering his teacher as a model in everything connected with his art, he habitually copied the characteristics of his handwriting so closely, that careful judges have mistaken the MSS. of the pupil for those of the master. He accompanied Mozart to Prague when he went there to produce "La Clemenza di Tito," for particulars of his concern in which work, as also in the Requiem, the reader is referred to the article Mozart in this dictionary. Süssmayer's first opera, "Moses," was brought out at the Theater an der Wien in 1792. This and all his subsequent dramatic productions he submitted to Salieri before they were played in public, who was always ready to give the young composer the benefit of his experience, and whose being thus consulted by the enthusiastic pupil and friend of Mozart, is sufficient refutation of the calumnious assertion that he was privy to the death of this master. His other operas are "Die schöne Schusterin," 1792; "L'lncanto Superato," 1793; "Der Spielgel aus Arkadien" (also called "Die neuen Arkadier"), 1794; "Il Muselmanno in Napoli" (produced at Prague on the emperor's birth-day), 1794; "Die edle Rache," 1795; "I due Gobbi," and "Die Freiwilligen," 1796; "Der Wildfang," 1798; "Der Marktschreier," 1799; "Soliman II.," and "Gulnare," 1800; "Liebe macht Kurzen Prozess," and "Phasma," 1801; "List und Zufall," and "Die Liebe im Serail," probably in 1802. Besides these he composed several occasional cantatas, all of which, like the whole of his operas, are now totally forgotten; the names of the above works are, however, given here to prove how many opportunities this composer had of showing his ability, which is evidence sufficient that this ability was not equal to the writing of several of the best movements in Mozart's Requiem, since had it been, surely this same ability would also have been equal to the production of one piece worth remembering in sixteen operas. Süssmayer was engaged by Schicaneder as musical director at the Theater an der Wien in 1792, and he was appointed to the same office at the court theatre in 1794.—G. A. M.
SUSSMILCH, Johann Peter, a Lutheran minister, died, aged sixty-one, in 1767. He wrote on statistics and populalation, and is frequently quoted by Malthus.
SUSTERMANS or SUTTERMANS, Justus, an excellent portrait painter, was born at Antwerp in 1597. In 1620 he established himself in Florence, and entered the service of the Grand-duke Cosmo II. He visited Vienna in 1624, and Rome in 1627, where he painted Pope Urban VIII. He visited Rome a second time in 1645, to paint Innocent X. In 1649 he visited Madrid. There was a friendship between Sustermans and Rubens; the latter painted his great picture, The Horrors of War, for Sustermans; it is now in the Pitti gallery. Sustermans was three times married, and died at Florence very wealthy on the 23rd April, 1681. Among his sitters were Galileo, and Viviani the mathematician.—(Baldinucci, Notizie, &c.)—R. N. W.
SUTCLIFFE, Matthew, was born in Devonshire, and educated at Trinity college, Cambridge. Little is known of his early years. In 1586 he became archdeacon of Taunton, and two years afterwards dean of Exeter. He died in 1629. He founded a college at Chelsea, the fellows of which were to write the annals of their times, and combat popery and Pelagianism. He was himself the first provost; but the funds not turning out as was anticipated, the institution fell into decay, and at length became an asylum for invalid soldiers, being part of the present hospital. Sutcliffe wrote a good many controversial pamphlets, principally against popish emissaries.—J. E.
SUTHERLAND, Family of: the earldom of Sutherland is the most ancient existing peerage in Great Britain. The founder of the family was Freskin, a Fleming, who came into Scotland during the reign of David I., and obtained from that prince extensive grants of land, both in Linlithgow and in Morayshire. The successors of Freskin, who were called De Moravia, were great favourites of William the Lion, and Malcolm, to whom they rendered important services, and were rewarded with the territory of Sutherland, forfeited by the earl of Caithness in 1197, and with large estates in other districts of the country. William, great-grandson of Freskin, was created Earl of Sutherland by Alexander II. for his services in putting down the rebellion of Gillespie in 1228. The second earl fought with conspicuous bravery at Bannockburn. His son and successor fell at the battle of Halidon hill. The fourth earl married Margaret, eldest daughter of Robert Bruce by his second wife, and was one of the wisest, most courageous, and patriotic nobles in the kingdom. His successors held a foremost rank among their peers, and their large possessions and personal ability gave them great influence in the management of public affairs. On the death of John, ninth earl, without issue, the Sutherland titles and estates were carried by his sister into the powerful family of Gordon. Unlike the parent stock, however, the Sutherland Gordons were stanch supporters of the protestant faith. They were honourable and high-minded men, resolute in the prosecution of their purposes, and greatly beloved by their friends and clan. In politics they have always been zealous whigs. John, fifteenth earl, was one of King William's privy councillors, had the command of a regiment of foot, and attended that monarch in all his campaigns in Flanders. It was this nobleman who, at the Revolution, brought in the memorable law which fixed the ecclesiastical constitution of Scotland. Mackay says, "His lordship is a very honest man, a great assertor of the liberties of the people; hath a good rough sense; is open and free; a great lover of his bottle and of his friend; brave in his person, which he hath shown in several duels; too familiar for his quality, and often keeps company below it; is a fat, fair-complexioned man, forty-five years old." The earl was one of the commissioners for the union with England, was subsequently one of the sixteen representatives of the Scottish peerage in four parliaments, president of the board of trade and manufactures, and lord-lieutenant of eight counties. Along with his son he aided in the suppression of the rebellion of 1715, and was rewarded by George I. His great-grandson, William, seventeenth earl, was a patriotic nobleman, and raised a battalion of infantry on his estates in 1759, when the country was threatened with invasion. The earl and his countess died of a fever at Bath, within a few days of each other, in 1766. The untimely fate of this young couple was deeply felt and deplored by all classes, to whom their virtues had greatly endeared them. A keen competition now took place for the title and estates of Sutherland between Elizabeth, the only surviving child of the earl. Sir Robert Gordon of Gordonstoun, Baronet, and George Sutherland of Forse. After a protracted litigation, the house of lords, in 1771, decided in favour of the infant lady, mainly through the exertions of the celebrated Sir David Dalrymple of Hailes, one of her guardians, whose Case of Elizabeth claiming the title and dignity of Countess of Sutherland, is
